Historical Studies on the sociability of Political Exiles and Emigrants who left the Fascist Italy for France.

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My intention of this study is to analyze the diverse aspects of the sociability between Italian political exiles and emigrants in France during the Fascist Era, while it may be usually thought that ‘exiles' and ‘emigrants' are living in the different living space. First of all, analyzing the statistical data, I showed that Piedmont and Tuscany in Italy sent the most numerous emigrants to France, while so many political exiles in the same regions left their country for France during the Fascist Era. In France, Italian exiles were resident in the Provence region or in the zone of Paris, as much as the emigrants.Secondly, I analyzed the life and political activity of Luigi Campolonghi, who was born in the Massa Carrara province of Tuscany, and made grand efforts to organize and mobilize the Italian immigrants in France for the antifascist movements. I revealed from this analysis that Campolonghi was economically contracted and received much aid for life from the Italian immigrants, especially from the artisans in 1898 when he exiled for the first time to France, and that during the Fascist era, he rounded all around the Italian immigrant communities in France and made the antifascist conferences in order to organize and mobilize them.Thirdly and lastly, I chose Calcinaia, a small town in the province of Pisa, to make a case study, and utilizing as the historical documents ‘Casellario Politico Centrale' of the National Central Archive at Rome, I made a prosopograhic research on the exiles from Calcinaia. Then, I showed that most political exiles (totally 61 persons) left their hometown at the age of 20's just after the seizure of power of Mussolini and lived in France at Aries and in the district. I also revealed that in the last half of 1920s and early 1930s, most exiles abandoned their political activities, but some of them came back to the politics after the Ethiopian War (1935-1936) and made the propaganda to mobilize the Italian immigrant communities.