Comparative studies on the State institutions and regional societies in the "nation-state" building of Italy

本研究的目的是为了弄清意大利自由主义时期民族国家建设的特点，分析国家与地方社会在立法、议会选举等方面的协商与妥协。本研究由首席研究员、七名研究员和其他六名成员组成，在这两年里我们举办了六次研讨会，其中一个是预备讲习班，四个是内部讲习班，另一个是与日本意大利近现代史协会联合举办的讲习班。我们还制作了关于这些主题的第一来源和第二来源的全部参考书目，并可以将这些作品整合到一本报告书中。通过这两年的研究，可以确认，虽然最近的研究主要集中在19世纪80年代末和90年代上半期克里斯皮政府的制度改革，但民族国家建设的转折点是在克里斯皮政府之前的德普雷蒂斯政府时代开始的。议会是讨论和调节各种地方利益的场所，在地方精英融入国家精英阶层方面发挥了决定性作用。南方问题是民族国家形成的重要动力。天主教会和天主教在这一时期国家认同的形成中发挥了比以往想象的更重要的作用。地方知识分子是将地方问题转化为全国问题的关键人物，他们经常在全国各地流动。因此，我们有必要加强对地方和地方精英的个案研究。

The purpose of this study is to make clear the characteristics of the nation-state building during the Liberal Era in Italy, analyzing the negotiation and compromise between the State and regional societies in the making of laws, the parliamentary elections and so on. This collaborative study is composed of the head investigator, seven investigators and other six members and we made six workshops in these two years, of which one is preparatory, four are internal workshops and the other is joint workshop with the Japanese Association for Modern and Contemporary History of Italy. We made also the whole bibliography of primary sources and secondary sources about the subjects and could integrate these works into a report book. As a result of our studies in these two years, it is confirmed that while the recent studies focused on the institutional reforms made by Crispi government in the late 1880s and the first half of 1890s, the turning point for the nation-state building had begun in the age of Depretis government preceding to Crispi's one. : the Parliament was the locus to debate and regulate, the diverse local interests and played the decisive role in integrating the local elites into the national elite class. : the "Southern Question" was the important momentum for the making of nation-state. : the Catholic church and Catholicism took more important role than supposed previously for the formation of the national identity in this era. : and the local intellectuals, moving often all around the national territory, were the key persons to change the local issues into the national ones. As a conclusion, we have the necessity to promote more the case studies about some local areas and local elites.