Comparative studies on the State institutions and regional societies in the "nation-state" building of Italy

本研究旨在明确意大利自由主义时期民族国家建设的特点，分析国家与地区社会在立法、议会选举等方面的谈判与妥协。本次合作研究由首席调查员、7名调查人员和其他6名成员组成，在这两年中我们举办了6次研讨会，其中1次是筹备研讨会，4次是内部研讨会，另一次是与意大利日本近现代史协会的联合研讨会。我们还制作了关于这些主题的一手资料和二手资料的完整书目，并可以将这些作品整合到一本报告书中。这两年的研究结果证实，虽然最近的研究主要集中在19世纪80年代末和19世纪90年代上半叶克里斯皮政府的机构改革上，但民族国家建设的转折点早于迪普雷蒂斯政府的时代。：议会是辩论和规范的场所，地方利益多元化，在将地方精英纳入国家精英阶层方面发挥了决定性作用。“南方问题”是民族国家形成的重要动力。在这个时代，天主教会和天主教在国家认同的形成方面发挥了比以前想象的更重要的作用。：而经常在国家领土上走动的地方知识分子，是把地方问题变成国家问题的关键人物。综上所述，我们有必要推广更多关于一些地方和地方精英的案例研究。

The purpose of this study is to make clear the characteristics of the nation-state building during the Liberal Era in Italy, analyzing the negotiation and compromise between the State and regional societies in the making of laws, the parliamentary elections and so on. This collaborative study is composed of the head investigator, seven investigators and other six members and we made six workshops in these two years, of which one is preparatory, four are internal workshops and the other is joint workshop with the Japanese Association for Modern and Contemporary History of Italy. We made also the whole bibliography of primary sources and secondary sources about the subjects and could integrate these works into a report book. As a result of our studies in these two years, it is confirmed that while the recent studies focused on the institutional reforms made by Crispi government in the late 1880s and the first half of 1890s, the turning point for the nation-state building had begun in the age of Depretis government preceding to Crispi's one. : the Parliament was the locus to debate and regulate, the diverse local interests and played the decisive role in integrating the local elites into the national elite class. : the "Southern Question" was the important momentum for the making of nation-state. : the Catholic church and Catholicism took more important role than supposed previously for the formation of the national identity in this era. : and the local intellectuals, moving often all around the national territory, were the key persons to change the local issues into the national ones. As a conclusion, we have the necessity to promote more the case studies about some local areas and local elites.