Comparative studies on the State institutions and regional societies in the "nation-state" building of Italy

本研究的目的是明确意大利自由主义时代民族国家建设的特点，分析国家与地区社会在法律制定、议会选举等方面的谈判与妥协。本次合作研究由首席研究员、7名调查员和其他6名成员组成，我们在这两年中举办了6次研讨会，其中一次是预备研讨会，4次是内部研讨会，另一次是与日本意大利近现代史协会的联合研讨会。我们还制作了关于主题的第一手资料和第二手资料的完整参考书目，并可以将这些作品整合到一本报告书中。这两年的研究结果证实，虽然最近的研究集中在19世纪80年代末和90年代上半叶克里斯皮政府的制度改革上，但民族国家建设的转折点在克里斯皮政府之前的德普雷蒂斯政府时代就已经开始了。议会是辩论和调节多元地方利益的场所，在地方精英融入国家精英阶层方面起着决定性作用。“南方问题”是民族国家形成的重要动力。天主教会和天主教在这一时期对国家认同的形成发挥了超乎想象的重要作用。地方知识分子经常在全国各地活动，是将地方问题转化为国家问题的关键人物。综上所述，我们有必要更多地推广一些地方和地方精英的案例研究。

The purpose of this study is to make clear the characteristics of the nation-state building during the Liberal Era in Italy, analyzing the negotiation and compromise between the State and regional societies in the making of laws, the parliamentary elections and so on. This collaborative study is composed of the head investigator, seven investigators and other six members and we made six workshops in these two years, of which one is preparatory, four are internal workshops and the other is joint workshop with the Japanese Association for Modern and Contemporary History of Italy. We made also the whole bibliography of primary sources and secondary sources about the subjects and could integrate these works into a report book. As a result of our studies in these two years, it is confirmed that while the recent studies focused on the institutional reforms made by Crispi government in the late 1880s and the first half of 1890s, the turning point for the nation-state building had begun in the age of Depretis government preceding to Crispi's one. : the Parliament was the locus to debate and regulate, the diverse local interests and played the decisive role in integrating the local elites into the national elite class. : the "Southern Question" was the important momentum for the making of nation-state. : the Catholic church and Catholicism took more important role than supposed previously for the formation of the national identity in this era. : and the local intellectuals, moving often all around the national territory, were the key persons to change the local issues into the national ones. As a conclusion, we have the necessity to promote more the case studies about some local areas and local elites.