The Trend of French Public Opinion on Napoleon's Continental Blockade : An Approach to the Study of History of the First Empire

在这项研究中，我主要考察了波尔多、鲁昂、斯特拉斯堡和穆尔豪斯的商人和制造商对拿破仑大陆封锁的态度和反应，以阐明法国舆论对拿破仑政权的看法和反应。首先，我可以发现棉花工业的三个不同阶段，即复苏阶段(1800-06年)、扩张阶段(1807-10年)和收缩阶段(1811-14年)。因此，在帝国后期，特别是在鲁昂，工业发展停止了，商人和制造商对封锁政策的不满逐渐加深，因为他们很难开拓拿破仑扩大的大陆市场。其次，我确定了拿破仑时期棉花工业的这三个阶段大致对应于法国贸易中心斯特拉斯堡与莱茵河以外欧洲内陆地区的商业活动。在那里，面对猖獗的英国货物走私，Marchants反复表达对政府商业政策的不满，而在波尔多，尽管殖民贸易的繁荣结束，贸易商人和船东成功地适应了新的环境，通过使用中立船只和拿破仑的执照或将他们的商业基地转移到美国，他们继续在一定程度上享受着海外贸易的利润。但是，包括波尔多葡萄酒在内，1810年至1811年的危机导致了经济活动的长期萧条，随之而来的是商界精英对拿破仑政权的不满迅速增加。因此，我可以得出这样一种看法，即反拿破仑情绪的普遍高涨仅限于帝国的最后几年。

In this study, in order to elucidate the trend of public opinion in France on Napoleonic regime, I reconsidered mainly the attitudes and reactions of the merchants and manufacturers in Bordeaux, Rouen, Strasbourg and Mulhouse to the Continental Blockade enforced by Napoleon.First, I could find out three different phases of the cotton industry, i.e. phases of recovery (1800-06), of expansion (1807-10) and of contraction (1811-14). So, the industrial development stopped in later years of Empire and in Rouen particularly, the disaffections of merchants and manufacturers toward the Blockade policy gradually deepened because they could hardly exploit the continental markets enlarged by Napoleon.Second, I ascertained that these three phases of the cotton industry during the Napoleonic period correspond roughly to the movement of commercial activity of Strasbourg, French trade center with inlands parts of Europe beyond the Rhine. There, the marchants in face of the rampant smuggling of British goods expressed repeatedly their complaints against the government's commercial policy, while in Bordeaux, in spite of the end of prosperous colonial trade, the trading merchants and shipowners successfully adapted to the new circumstance and, by using the neutral ships and Napoleon's licenses or shifting their business bases to America, they continued to enjoy to certain extent the profits of overseas trade. But, including the case of Bordeaux, the crisis of 1810-11 caused a longterm depression of economic activities and with this increased rapidly the disaffections of business elites to the Napoleonic regime. So, I could get an outlook that the general upsurge of anti-Napoleonic sentiments was limited to the last years of the Empire.