Comparative Studies on the Concept of "Citizen"in Wes Western and Japanese History

我们的项目旨在从比较历史的角度重新审视“公民”的概念及其存在模式。每个调查员都有一个特定的主题，并在密切的关系下工作。该项目的最终报告有13篇文章，主题范围从古希腊到20世纪下半叶。这些文章从其处理方式可以分为两类。第一组旨在深化特定时代和地域对“公民”的概念或宪制理解；第二组旨在分析公民作为社会阶层，从社会政治史的角度阐明其地位和功能、心态和活动。这个项目获得的新知识很多，最重要的是以下几点。首先，我们关注的是在每个国家或社会中处于边缘地位的公民：希腊人在罗马统治下使罗马人成为公民，法国大革命中的女性公民，等等。其次，通过考察英国、法国、普鲁士和美国的事实，我们澄清了近代欧洲“古典公民”概念和形象的模糊性和多样性。第三，我们对20世纪德国和美国社会中传统公民身份的蜕变和国家权力与公民关系的变化有了新的认识。

Our project aims to re-examine the concept of "citizens" and their modes of existence from the viewpoint of comparative history. Each investigator has one special theme and works under the close relationship. The final report of the project has thirteen articles whose themes range form the ancient Greece to the second half of the 20th century. These articles can be divided into two groups from their ways of approach. The first group aims to deepen the conceptual or constitutional understanding of "citizens" in the special age and locality and the second aims to analyze the citizens as social strata, to elucidate their status and function, their mentality and activity from the viewpoint of social and political history.The new knowledges obtained by this project are numerous and the most important are as follows. First, we have focused on the citizens who were situated marginally in each state or society: the Greeks made Roman citizens under the Roman rule,the female citizens in the French Revolution, etc. Second, we have clarified, by examining the facts concerning Britain, France, Prussia and the United States, the ambiguity and diversity of concept and image of the "classical citizens" in modern Europe. Third, we have shed some new light on the metamorphose of the traditional citizenship and the change of the relationship between the state power and the citizens in the German and American societies of the 20th century.