The Pacific War and a Melanesian Town: A Study of a Camp Town Made by American Army.

在殖民化之前，大洋洲没有城市地区。然而，殖民化之后，在殖民地的中心，人口增加，城市地区开始形成。在这样一个过程中形成的城镇被称为“殖民城镇”。虽然大洋洲的大部分城市都是殖民地的城镇，但有一个地方却有着不同的起源。这是瓦努阿图共和国的卢甘维尔，这是本研究的对象。这个小镇起源于太平洋战争期间美国军队建造的营地城镇。美国为了对抗日本军队，建造了一个拥有10万人口的大营地。太平洋战争后，卢甘维尔仍然是一个城市地区，其中大多数居民都变成了美拉尼西亚人。本研究首先以殖民地政府的文件、美国海军的记载以及本人在实地调查中所收集的资料为依据，探讨了卢甘维尔作为一个营地城镇的形成过程。然后从历史人类学的角度解释了这样一个人工营镇是如何演变成美拉尼西亚城镇的。接着从城市人类学的角度探讨了城市文化是如何被创造出来的。一般认为，在大洋洲的城市地区，许多岛屿的传统文化混合在一起，形成了一种混合文化。然而，我在研究中阐明，在美拉尼西亚，这种混合文化，即城市文化，与岛屿传统文化相比，被认为是假的或不真实的，是一种应该被否定的文化，我称之为“洋泾浜文化”，考虑到洋泾浜文化对母语的地位。

In Oceania there was no urban area before colonization. After colonization, however, in the center of the colony the population was increased and the urban area began to be formed. The town formed in such a process is called "colonial town". Although most of the urban areas in Oceania were colonial towns, there was one place which had different origin. This is Luganville of the Republic of Vanuatu which is an object of this study. This town is originated in the camp town which was built by American Army during the Pacific War. America built a big camp which had the population of 100,000 in order to take a stand against Japanese Army. After the Pacific War, Luganville had continued to be an urban area in which most residents have changed to Melanesians. Luganville is now called "Melanesian town".In this study, first of all I discussed the formative process of Luganville as a camp town by the documents of the colonial government, the records of the American Navy and the data collected during my field researches. Then I explained from the viewpoint of historical anthropology how such an artificial camp town changed to Melanesian town. Next I discussed how the urban culture was created from the viewpoint of urban anthropology. It is generally said that in the urban area in Oceania many island's traditional cultures become mixed and a kind of hybrid culture is created. However I elucidated in the study that in Melanesia, such a hybrid culture, that is an urban culture, is regarded as a fake or non-authentic one in comparison with an island traditional culture and as a culture which should be denied, which I named "Pidgin Culture" taking account of the position of Pidgin againt a mother tongue..