Study on Network Structure and it's Effects by Alliance Formation in International Transport

20世纪80年代以来，随着东亚地区经济的发展和集装箱贸易的增长，班轮运输航线上出现了新的集装箱港口。另一方面，联盟形成后，集装箱班轮服务在多个联盟船舶的基础上，形成了多个服务点、班次高、中转时间短等高质量的服务。于是，班轮航运中的航线网络或船队运营网络发生了结构性变化。亚洲内部的港口布局和航线网络结构发生了巨大的变化，亚洲港口之间的竞争进一步激烈。在联盟形成之前，竞争是枢纽港之间的竞争，而联盟形成后，则是枢纽港与由支线港成长起来的新干线港之间的竞争，联盟已经影响到联盟成员的成本降低和服务质量。更重要的Effe…联盟成员更多的顾客满意度来自于网络扩张对服务质量的丰富。网络经济有两种类型的经济。一是需求侧的网络外部性，二是供给侧的范围经济或网络经济。虽然这两个经济体是相互依存的，但对两个经济体来说，最重要的属性是网络规模。以日本班轮公司为例，分析结果表明，各班轮航运联盟成员的网络配置是影响联盟形成的重要因素，以港口停靠数量作为服务点或网络变量是实现网络外部性和范围经济的有效途径。第二个问题如下。由于各航空公司很难自由地设计航线结构来展示飞机尺寸的影响，因此选择了追求高频率服务的路线来满足客户满意度。对于班轮运输和航空公司来说，客户是通过增加服务点和班次来获得的。然而，班轮运输需求函数的一个重要变量是平均成本或平均船舶尺寸，服务点和班次对需求函数的影响相对较小。较少

Since the 1980s, economic development and growth of container trade in East Asia brought about the appearance of new container ports in the liner shipping trades routes. On the other hand, after alliance formation, container liner services have become high quality, i.e. many service points, high frequency, short transit time etc. by many and various loops based on many ships of alliances. Then the structural changes of route networks or fleet operation networks in the liner shipping have occurred. The port-calling configurations and route network structures drastically changed within intra-Asia area and the competition among Asia ports has become further violent. Before alliance formation the competition was among Hub ports, though after alliance formation, the competition has become between Hub ports and new trunk ports grown from feeder ports with a high possibility of growth.The alliance has been influencing cost reduction and service quality of alliance members. More important effe … More cts on the members of alliances come from the enrichment of service quality by network enlargement. The network economy has two types of economies. One is the externality of network on the demand side and the other is the economy of scope or network on the supply side. Although the two economies are interdependent, the most important attribute for both economies is the network scale. The first result of the analysis done proves that the network configuration of the members in each alliances of liner shipping is an important factors in the formation of alliances and the number of port calling as a service point or network variable is effective in realizing the externality of network and the economy of scope in the case study of Japanese liner shipping companies. The second is as follows. As it is very difficult for each airline to design freely the route structure to demonstrate the effect of aircraft size, the route of pursuing high frequent service to fulfill customer satisfactions is taken. For liner shipping, as well as for airlines, customers are acquired by increasing the number of service points and frequencies. However, an important variable of demand functions for liner shipping is average cost or average ship size, and the influences of service points and frequencies are relatively small. Less