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Classification of Psychological Situations from the Perspective of Social Inference

社会推理视角下的心理情境分类

基本信息

批准号：
15530403
负责人：
TOYAMA Midori
金额：
$ 2.05万
依托单位：
Gakushuin University
依托单位国家：
日本
项目类别：
Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)
财政年份：
2003
资助国家：
日本
起止时间：
2003 至 2005
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/en/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-15530403/
关键词：
social cognition person and situation attribution theory 推論帰属過程多変量解析分類

项目摘要

Most theories of social inference put emphasis on person-situation distinction, but situations have attracted much less research attention than persons. This research aimed at exploring the psychological meanings of the situations and classifying them in terms of their impact on social inference. Five studies were conducted for this purpose. In Study 1, participants' ratings of situational strength and constraint were put into cluster analysis to find three types of situations, private and comfortable, public and anonymous, and tense and constraining. Study 2 extended the scope to include emotional meanings of situations. Factor analysis and multidimensional scaling were conducted to extract relevant dimensions and to obtain configuration of each situation. Three experimental studies, Study 3, 4 and 5 dealt with the role of situations in social inference. In Study 3, participants were asked to infer actors' dispositions from brief descriptions of behaviors. As the descriptions suggeste … More d that target behaviors were done at some situational instigation, participants should have difficulty in drawing correspondent inferences. However, results indicated that participants make correspondent inferences from behaviors, even when they fully understood the strength of the situations. In Study 4, situational inferences were examined directly along with dispositional inferences. For each target behavior, there were both personal and situational causes that could easily come to mind. Results suggested that strong situational inferences were made for emotional behaviors, whereas dispositional inferences were predominant for ability-related performances. Study 5 was a laboratory experiment using visual stimulus. Participants watched video-recorded conversation between two persons and answered several questions including recall measures. It was hypothesized that participants who were personally involved would direct more attention to the situation and would be more willing to make situational inferences. However, this hypothesis was not supported, though involved participants seemed to be more attentive generally. Less

大多数社会推理理论都强调人与情境的区分，但情境的研究关注程度远远低于人。本研究旨在探讨情景的心理意义，并根据情景对社会推理的影响对情景进行分类。为此进行了五项研究。在研究1中，将被试对情境强度和约束的评分进行了聚类分析，发现了三种类型的情境，即私密和舒适、公开和匿名以及紧张和约束。研究2将研究范围扩大到包括情境的情感意义。采用因子分析和多维标度法提取相关维度，得到每种情境的结构。研究3、4和5是关于情境在社会推理中的作用的三项实验研究。在研究3中，参与者被要求从对行为的简要描述中推断出演员的性格。正如描述所暗示的那样，…更多的目标行为是在情景刺激下进行的，参与者应该很难做出相应的推断。然而，结果表明，参与者会根据行为做出相应的推断，即使他们完全了解情况的强度。在研究4中，情境推理和倾向性推理一起被直接检验。对于每一种目标行为，都有很容易想到的个人和情景原因。结果表明，情绪性推理对情绪行为有较强的影响，而气质推理对能力相关的表现起主导作用。研究5是使用视觉刺激的实验室实验。参与者观看了两个人之间的视频对话，并回答了几个问题，包括回忆措施。假设那些亲自参与的参与者会将更多的注意力转移到情况上，并更愿意做出情景推断。然而，这一假设并未得到支持，尽管参与者似乎总体上更专心。较少