Global Governance : Its Processes, Institutions and Institutional Effectiveness

在这个项目中，我们为参与者分配了以下角色，让他们在各自的领域进行研究，重点是全球治理中的过程、制度和制度有效性：山本专注于理论，土山专注于安全，太田专注于环境，LIDA专注于世界经济，山田专注于环境和经济的交集。关于进程，我们共同发现，行为者的多样性和跨国化的增加超过了我们最初的预期。非政府行为者在环境和经济问题上的作用越来越大，以及所谓的“多方利益攸关方进程”等新的政治做法，都证明了这一点。至于机构，我们发现，新的机构，如《京都议定书》和《卡特根纳议定书》已经生效。在经济领域，世贸组织的建立及其随后的发展是最重要的，但即使在旧的机构，如…更像国际劳工组织和国际清算银行一样，新的制度化正在发生。世界银行的大坝建设项目改革中也体现出一种新的转变，那就是不再只追求增长的发展方式。最后，关于体制有效性，众所周知，臭氧层制度的有效性是众所周知的，对于这一制度的成功而言，科学共识的出现是关键。气候变化制度的有效性略有不同，可以在引入新的社会实践(如排污权交易)的效果中找到。即使在同一制度下，世贸组织的自由化谈判也在断断续续地进行，而其争端解决相对有效。这说明制度设计是非常重要的。说服的有效性很难衡量，正如世界大坝委员会所看到的那样。因此，我们的发现可以概括为进程的日益多样化、进一步的制度化以及机构有效性方面的多样性共存。较少

In this project, we assigned the following roles to the participants and let them do research in their respective fields, focusing on the processes, institutions and institutional effectiveness in global governance : Yamamoto focused on theory, Tsuchiyama on security, Ohta on environment, lida on the world economy, and Yamada on the intersection of environment and economics. Regarding processes, we have collectively discovered that the diversity of actors and transnationalization have increased more than we had initially expected. They are evidenced by the increasing role of non-governmental actors in environmental and economic issues and by new political practices such as so-called "multi-stakeholder processes." As for institutions, we have found that new institutions such as the Kyoto Protocol ad the Cartegena Protocol have entered into force. In economic areas, the establishment of the WTO and its subsequent developments are of primary importance, but even in old institutions, such … More as the ILO and the BIS, new institutionalization is taking place. Also new is a turn away from growth-only development style, as seen in the reform of dam construction projects at the World Bank. Finally, on institutional effectiveness, the effectiveness of the ozone layer regime is well known, and for the success of this regime, the emergence of scientific consensus was key. The effectiveness of the climate change regime is slightly different and can be found in the effects of inducing new social practices such as emission trading. Even in the same regime, liberalization negotiations are progressing by fits and starts at the WTO, whereas its dispute settlement is relatively effective. This indicates that institutional design is very important. The effectiveness of persuasion is hard to measure, as seen in the World Dam Commission. Thus, our findings can be summarized as an increasing diversity of processes, further institutionalization, and the co-existence of diversity in institutional effectiveness. Less