Sociological comparative studies on the developpement process of French Comics

法国漫画的发展与日本漫画有很大的不同。这两部漫画的起源可能是第二次世界大战之前的美国。在美国，漫画于19世纪末开始出现。来自欧洲的移民，特别是讲德语的人开始画漫画，其中最著名的一幅是《卡岑贾默的孩子》。在20世纪20年代和30年代，出现了许多新型的漫画，例如，亚历克斯·雷蒙德的《闪电侠戈登》和切斯特·古尔德的《迪克·特雷西》。这一时期被称为美国漫画的“黄金时代”，因为诞生了许多英雄，即使在21世纪，他们仍然很有名，比如蜘蛛侠和蝙蝠侠。在法国，这些美国漫画在第二次世界大战之前就已经进口了。当战争开始时，由于德国的进攻，著名的美国漫画“闪电戈登”没有到达，比利时漫画作家埃德加·雅各布代替亚历克斯·雷蒙德画了这些画。后来，比利时作家比…莫尔以他自己的作品《黄色标记》而闻名。真正的欧洲漫画是埃尔热于1929年在比利时创作的，名为《丁丁历险记》。这个穿套裤的男孩带着他的狗狗Milou（在日本也叫“Snowy”）周游世界。这些丁丁和米卢的冒险故事是典型的法比漫画，因为它们具有政治和社会意义。例如，在《蓝莲花》中，丁丁去了第二次世界大战前夕的上海，当时这座中国城市被日本军队和其他欧洲国家瓜分。日本鸦片集团的老大是光平人，他策划了满洲事变。这样，丁丁历险记不仅是一部娱乐小说，而且对真实的历史问题非常关键。第二次世界大战后，两大漫画杂志活跃起来，许多作家取得了成功。1959年，Rene Gossiny出版了一本非常重要的漫画杂志，叫做《pilot》。1968年，法国学生力量爆发，漫画发生了很大变化。因为新的漫画一代喜欢给成年人看的漫画。在七八十年代，出现了许多年轻作家，法国漫画的内容也没有限制。讽刺、暴力和爱情，这些都是非常受欢迎的主题。从那以后，法国漫画不再自动谴责，每个作家都有自己的风格。例如，意大利漫画画家Liberatore以他的Ranxerox而闻名，他的设计非常暴力和美丽。比拉尔也很有名，他在柏林墙倒塌前描绘了社会主义国家的寒冷冬天。Pichard或Crepax画的女孩非常漂亮性感。菲利普·德鲁耶的太空歌剧就像女王的摇滚音乐《波西米亚狂想曲》一样与众不同。法国漫画在艺术表现上与日本漫画越来越不同。漫画在欧洲不仅是娱乐的媒介，也是艺术，被称为继电影和电影院之后的“第九大艺术”。但是从2000年开始，许多日本漫画开始入侵法国，漫画市场的竞争非常激烈。少

The developpement of French comics is very different from Japanese comics. The origine of these two comics might be that of the United States before the World War II. In America, the comics began to exist at the end of the 19 th century. The immigrants from europe, especcially the german speaking people began to draw the comics, and the famous one was entitled "Katzenjammer Kids". And in the 1920's and the 30's, many new types of comics appeared, for exemple, the Flash Gordon by Alex Raymond and Dick Tracy by Chester Gould. This period is called "the golden age" of American comics, because many heros were born, and they still have been famous even in the 21 st centry, like Spiderman and Batman.In France, these american comics were already imported before the World War II. When the war began, the famous american comic "Flash Gordon" did not arrive because of the German attack, the belgium comic writer, Edgar Jacob drawed the pictures in place of Alex Raymond. Later the belgium writer be … More came very famous with his own works like "the Yellow Mark".The authentic european comic was made by Herge in Belgium, entitled "Tintin" in 1929. The boy in culotte travels all over the world with his dog Milou (also called "Snowy" in Japan).. These adventures of Tintin and Milou are typical frencch-belgium comic, because of their political and social meaning. For example, in the "Blue Lotus", Tintin goes to Sanghai just before the World War II, when the chinese city was devided by the Japanese army and other european countries. The boss of the japanese group dealing with opium was Mitsuhirato, and he planned the Manchurian Incident. In this way, the adventure of Tintin is not only a fiction for amusement, but it is very critical to the real historical problem.After the World War II, two big comic magazines were active and many writers succeeded. In 1959, very impotant comic magazine was born by Rene Gossiny, called "Pilote". In 1968, the student power exploided in France and the comics changed much. Because new comic generation liked comics for adult people. In the 70's and 80's, many young writers appeared and there is no limit to the contents of French comics. Satire, violence and love, they are the themes very prefered.Since then, french comics don't do the auto-censure and each writer has his own style. For example, the italian comic painter, Liberatore is famous for his Ranxerox, with very violent and beautiful dessin. Enki Bilal is also famous, drawing cold winter in socialist countries before the fall of Berlin wall. The girls painted by Pichard or Crepax are very beautiful and sexy. The space opera of Philippe Druillet is extraordinary like the rock music "Bohemian Rhapsody" by the Queen.The french comics become more and more different from japanese comics, because of their artistic expresssions. Comics in Europe are not only the media of amusement but also Art, which they call so the "nineth Art", after the pictures and the cinemas. But since 2000, many japanese comics begin to invade in France and the competition in comic market is furious now. Less