State Trading Enterprises on Grain Export and WTO Agricultural Negotiation

加拿大和澳大利亚是世界上重要的粮食出口国。这两个国家的小麦交易量占世界小麦交易量的三分之一。一个不同的特点是，国有贸易企业在这些国家的主要谷物、小麦和大麦的出口方面拥有单一的柜台权力。在WTO农业谈判中，由于美国等国将国营贸易企业问题拿到谈判中来，引起了争议。本项目的目的是比较加拿大和澳大利亚的粮食出口制度，并考察两国最近国营贸易企业在粮食博览会上的改革情况。1999年，加拿大小麦委员会(CWB)改变了其治理和营销做法，成为粮食生产者和联邦政府共同治理的公司。负责和灵活是其改革的原则，澳大利亚小麦委员会(AWB)于1999年私有化。AWB重组为控股公司AWB Limited旗下的几家公司。AWB还将业务扩展到谷物升降机。虽然在20世纪90年代末进行了这些改革，但中央银行和农业银行一直保持着粮食出口和国家集资制度的单一主管机构。

Canada and Australia are the important grain exporting countries in the world. Both countries amount for oneThid of wheat expoit in the world. It is the distindive feature that state trading enteiprises have single desk authority on the export of major grain, wheat and barley, in these countries. In the WTO Agricultural Negotiation, the issue on the state trading enterprises became controversy, since United States and other countries take this issue on the negotiation.The pulpose of this project is to compare the grain exporting system in Canada and Australia, and examine the recent reform of the state trading enteiprises on grain expoit in both countries. Canadian Wheat Board(CWB) has changed its governance and marketing practice in 1999 CWB became the shared governance corporation by grain pmducer and federal government. Accountabdity and flexibility is the principle of its refonn Australian Wheat Board(AWB) was privatized in 1999. AWB was restructured to several companies under the holding company, AWB limited. AWB also extended its business into grain elevator. Though these reform in the late 1990s, CWB and AWB have maintained single desk authority on grain export and national pooling system.