Changing Grain Exporting System in Canada and Reform of the Canadian Wheat

本研究旨在探讨加拿大谷物出口制度的剧变及加拿大小麦局（CWB）的改革。作者着重分析了加拿大中央银行改革的背景及其对加拿大粮食出口体制可能产生的影响。此外，作者还考察了粮食运输问题，特别是当前关于粮食运输政策的争论。本研究的主要结果如下：首先，加拿大谷物出口市场自20世纪80年代以来发生了巨大的变化。在不断变化的出口市场下，加拿大粮食出口的物流地位也发生了巨大的变化。最重要的变化是从苏必利尔湖上级的雷霆湾到俄罗斯和欧洲国家的航运量大幅减少。相反，太平洋港口的航运雨所占份额有所增加。第二，初级电力系统有明显的巩固趋势， ...更多信息 回避者各大电梯公司纷纷在铁路干线旁投资建设新的高吞吐量电梯。在已经建造了高吞吐量电梯的地区，许多旧的主电梯已经关闭。另一个重要的一点是，自加拿大-美国自由贸易协定以来，嘉吉和ADM等跨国农业综合企业已经进入加拿大的粮食处理和加工业务。第三，在1999年1月美国中央粮食银行（CWB）的“单桌销售”问题引起激烈争论之后，CWB进行了组织机构改革，其组织机构改革的主要内容是由原来的国营公司转变为粮食生产者与联邦政府共同治理的公司。这次改革的特点是对粮食生产者负责，增加了操作的灵活性。不过，中环湾仔绕道的运作在2000年年底其实并没有改变。作者指出，为了观察中央银行业务改革的效果，需要继续进行研究。少

The purpose of this study is to examine the recent drastic change of grain exporting system in Canada and the reform of the Canadian Wheat Board (CWB), the sole marketing body of wheat and barley produced in the Prairie Provinces. Author focused on the background of the reform of CWB and its possible impacts to the grain exporting system in Canada. In addition, author examined issues of grain transportation, particularly current debates on grain transportation policy. Major results of this study are as follows ;First of all, exporting market of Canadian grain has changed substantially since 1980s. Under the changing exporting market, logistics of Canadian grain to the exporting position has drastically changed. The most important change was the big decrease of shipping volume from Thunder Bay at the Lake Superior to Russia and European Countries. On the contrary, share of shipping rain from Pacific Ports has increased.Second, there is remarkable trend to the consolidation of primary el … More evators. Major elevator companies have invested to build new high throughput elevators beside mainline of railway. Many old primary elevators have been closed in the areas where high throughput elevators have been built. Another important point is that transnational agribusiness corporations like as Cargill and ADM have entered grain handling and processing business in Canada since the Canada-U.S.Free Trade Agreement. Author pointed out this trend as transnational integration of grain industry in North America.Third, CWB has reformed its organization since January 1999 after the heated controversy on single desk selling of CWB.Main point of organizational reform of CWB was the change from crown corporation to shared governance corporation between grain producers and federal government. The reform was characterized by the accountability to grain producers and the increased flexibility of operation. But the operation of CWB has not actually changed at the end of 2000. Author pointed out to continue the research for observing the result of operational reform of CWB. Less