权益分类	功能权益	普通用户	{{item.name}}会员
{{category.name}}	{{benefitItem.name}}

Child birth and child care and female labor force participation in an urban space.

城市空间中的儿童出生和儿童保育以及女性劳动力参与。

基本信息

批准号：
14580080
负责人：
TANAKA Kyoko
金额：
$ 2.24万
依托单位：
Saitama University
依托单位国家：
日本
项目类别：
Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C)
财政年份：
2002
资助国家：
日本
起止时间：
2002 至 2004
项目状态：
已结题

项目摘要

In the 1990s, a traditional regional difference of fertility between the South Europe and the North Europe had reversed, and many researchers have supported a new hypothesis that fertility rates tend to rise with a high female labor force participation rate among the developed countries. Esping Andersen(1990;2000) has provided a hypothesis that female labor participation is determined by the degree of the provision of child care, which is affected by the regime type of welfare state. I have engaged a comparative study of child care in Sweden and United State, investigating the location of formal child care providers in a metropolitan region, as well as the social policy concerning child care and female labor participation.In Sweden known as a typical social democrat welfare state, a commune provides child care in a children's neighborhood. In a well planned high rise residential areas, with good accessibility of public transportation, which serves effectively for working parents, sever … More al child care centers tend to be located within a walking distance, which also helps working parents. A study of a working female's time diary from a time geographic perspective reveals a real life situation of working parents who are able to cope with work and child care. The most of Swedish females, after child birth, take a paid leave for about a year, and work part-time while children are young. Their male partners participate very well in child care and household chores, usually without extra work after regular work hours. The social, urban, and transportation planning in Sweden is also excellent in helping working parents.In the United Sates, which is known as a residual welfare state, child care is provided by a market principle without the state's intervention, and only poor income families are allowed to get access to child care assistance, food stamps and Medicaid. This dual structure of a welfare state is revealed in an urban space as a residential segregation, which was intensified after a start of busing in a central city school district in the 1970s in the Columbus metropolitan region, Ohio. In the suburbs, many for profit child care centers are located along a drive way with a large parking lot. Major chains of the child care industry are located in suburban areas in order to serve high or middle income residents. On the other hand, in the inner city areas, low income people as well as many blacks depend on social welfare and charity. Government provides child care assistance for poor working families, especially poor single mothers, and Head Start Program for disadvantaged children. Many non-profit child care centers of faith organization as well as non-faith organization, provide less expensive child care in a poor neighborhood. After school programs are provided by non-profit agencies, such as Boys and Girls Club, which is located near a downtown area. Restructuring of a welfare state started from the 1980s increased the importance of the voluntary sector in disadvantaged neighborhoods. Less

20世纪90年代，南欧和北欧之间传统的生育率地区差异发生了逆转，许多研究人员支持了一个新的假设，即发达国家中女性劳动力参与率越高，生育率往往会上升。 Esping Andersen(1990；2000)提出了一个假设，即女性劳动参与是由儿童保育提供程度决定的，而儿童保育提供程度又受到福利国家政体类型的影响。我对瑞典和美国的儿童保育进行了比较研究，调查了大都市地区正规儿童保育提供者的位置，以及关于儿童保育和女性劳动力参与的社会政策。在被称为典型的社会民主福利国家的瑞典，公社在儿童社区提供儿童保育。在规划良好的高层住宅区，公共交通便利，这对在职父母来说是有效的服务，多个托儿中心往往位于步行距离之内，这也对在职父母有帮助。从时间地理角度对职业女性的时间日记进行研究，揭示了能够兼顾工作和育儿的职业父母的现实生活状况。大多数瑞典女性在生完孩子后会休大约一年的带薪休假，并在孩子还小的时候做兼职工作。她们的男性伴侣很好地参与了育儿和家务劳动，通常在正常工作时间后不需要额外的工作。瑞典的社会、城市和交通规划在帮助工薪父母方面也非常出色。在被称为剩余福利国家的美国，儿童保育是按市场原则提供的，无需国家干预，只有贫困收入家庭才能获得儿童保育援助、食品券和医疗补助。这种福利国家的二元结构在城市空间中表现为居住隔离，这种隔离在 20 世纪 70 年代俄亥俄州哥伦布大都市区的一个中心城市学区开始使用公交车后加剧了。在郊区，许多营利性托儿中心位于车道沿线，并设有大型停车场。儿童保育行业的主要连锁店位于郊区，为高收入或中等收入居民提供服务。另一方面，在内城区，低收入人群以及许多黑人依赖社会福利和慈善事业。政府为贫困工薪家庭，特别是贫困单亲母亲提供儿童保育援助，并为弱势儿童提供启蒙计划。许多信仰组织和非信仰组织的非营利儿童保育中心在贫困社区提供较便宜的儿童保育服务。课后活动由非营利机构提供，例如位于市中心附近的男孩女孩俱乐部。从 20 世纪 80 年代开始的福利国家重组增加了弱势社区中志愿部门的重要性。较少的