Female Labor Force Participation and Child Outcomes

项目概要 女性在全球非家庭劳动力市场中所占的份额越来越大。这种转变 改变家庭动态——理论和经验证据都表明对健康有重要影响 和儿童的教育成果。尽管之前的研究已经探讨了这种关系，但这些努力 未能成功地将妇女劳动力参与的影响与其他同时发生的因素分开 社区和家庭层面发生的变化，例如市场结构的变化和增加 就业机会或其他家庭成员就业经历的变化。另外， 大多数现有研究是在富裕国家进行的，这种转变发生在几十年前 之前。本提案旨在研究母亲的就业经历与子女之间的关系 目前贫困、自给自足的农业环境从几乎没有人的参与转变为 非家庭劳动力市场中的妇女 增加妇女对非家庭劳动力市场的参与 （正式部门）。这一背景提供了一个独特的机会来评估妇女参与的影响 转型初期的非家庭劳动力市场，这是一个不可能的经验机会 经济上先进的设置。我们建议使用来自农村贫困人口的长期、多层次面板数据 国际背景，涵盖了家庭动态这一根本转变的最初阶段 现在。我们建议使用的数据有多种儿童结果衡量标准，特别是 入学率和受教育程度、身高和体重、主观健康状况、免疫状况和儿童 死亡率。它还包含母亲的完整就业历史，包括多种类型的非家庭成员 劳动力（即工资劳动、工资工作、外出企业）。重要的是，这些数据还提供了纵向 有关社区特征的数据，例如附近的雇主和其他人的完整就业历史 成年家庭成员。这项研究的结果将揭示有关该过程的重要信息 影响全世界儿童的福祉。

Project Summary Women comprise an increasingly larger share of the non-family labor market across the globe. This transition alters family dynamics—both theory and empirical evidence point toward important influences on the health and educational outcomes of children. Although previous research has explored this relationship, those efforts have been unsuccessful in separating the influence of women's labor-force participation from other concurrent changes happening at the community and household level, such as changing market structures and increasing employment opportunities or changing employment experiences of other household members. Additionally, most of the existing research has been conducted in wealthy countries where this transition occurred decades prior. This proposal aims to study the relationship between mother's employment experiences and child outcomes in a poor, subsistence agricultural setting currently transitioning from almost no participation of women in the non-family labor market to increasing participation of women in the non-family labor market (formal sector). This setting provides a unique opportunity to estimate the influence of women's participation in the non-family labor market in the very early stage of transition, an empirical opportunity not possible in economically advance settings. We propose to use long-term, multilevel panel data from a rural, poor international setting, covering the very beginning of this fundamental transition in household dynamics through the present day. The data we propose to use have multiple measures of child outcomes, specifically educational enrollment and attainment, height and weight, subjective health, immunization status, and child mortality. It also contains complete employment histories of mothers including multiple types of non-family labor (i.e. wage labor, salary jobs, out of home businesses). Importantly, these data also provide longitudinal data on community characteristics such as nearby employers and complete employment histories for other adult household members. The findings from this study will reveal important information about the processes influencing child well-being throughout the world.