Comparative genre analysis between Japanese and English : Japanese rhetoric observed in nursing research articles

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1. Aims & Methods : In order to explore Japanese rhetorical models in Nursing Research Articles (RAs) as well as processes of acquiring English competences and of writing RAs, we conducted 4 types of research ; library search for nursing RAs in Japan, a preliminary comparative interview with 8 Japanese and British scholars respectively (JNRs&BNRs), semi-structured interviews with Japanese nursing scholars (14) and finally genre analysis of RAs in nursing published domestically (RAs written by Japanese writers) and internationally (RAs written by Japanese and British writers).2. Results: 1) As the number of nursing universities and graduate schools increased, that of RAs published domestically increased as well as the number of nursing research areas. 2) The major influences from SUPERVISOR were mentioned by both JNRs and BNRs and the keyword, "Research Protocol" was extracted from BNRs' data as the major differences between JNRs and BNRs at the onset of health care related research in the UK. 3) Significant differences in writing processes of JNRs were observed between "Qualitative Research" and "Quantitative Research" : (1) Qualitative researchers put the most emphases on Introduction and Literature Review, beginning parts of RAs, and write RAs straightforward from Introduction to Discussion in an IMRAD order, while quantitative researchers put the most emphases on Results and Methods. 3) As for contrastive genre analyses, the major differences were found in Discussions between Japanese and British RAs in international journals (J/INL and B/INL) and Japanese RAs in domestic journals (J/J). That is, J/J used "Claim" moves significantly less than J/INL and B/INL. In addition, in Introductions, J/J applied fewer types of rhetorical moves than J/INL and B/INL. This suggests that for English writing course at a tertiary level, students be guided how to utilize various types of rhetorical moves to be successful international writers of their RAs.