Comparative genre analysis between Japanese and English : Japanese rhetoric observed in nursing research articles

1.目的和方法：为了探讨日语在护理论文中的修辞模式以及英语能力的获得和护理论文的写作过程，我们进行了四种类型的研究;通过对日本8位护理研究者和英国8位护理研究者的初步比较访谈，（JNR和BNR），对日本护理学者的半结构式访谈（14篇），最后对国内发表的护理领域的RA进行体裁分析（日本作家写的RA）和国际（日本和英国作家写的RA）。结果如下：（1）随着护理大学和研究生院的增加，国内发表的RA数量增加，护理研究领域也增加。2)JNR和BNR都提到了监督员的主要影响，从BNR的数据中提取了关键词“研究方案”，作为英国医疗保健相关研究开始时JNR和BNR之间的主要差异。3)定性研究者和定量研究者在写作过程中存在显著差异：（1）定性研究者最重视研究报告的开头部分--引言和文献综述，研究报告的写作顺序从引言到讨论，从IMRAD到IMRAD，而定量研究者最重视研究结果和研究方法。3)在语类对比分析中，主要差异出现在国际期刊（J/INL和B/INL）中的日英RA讨论和国内期刊（J/J）中的日英RA讨论。也就是说，J/J使用“Claim”移动显著小于J/INL和B/INL。此外，在引言中，J/J比J/INL和B/INL使用的修辞格类型更少。这表明，在大学英语写作课程，学生应指导如何利用各种类型的修辞动作，成为成功的国际作家的RA。

1. Aims & Methods : In order to explore Japanese rhetorical models in Nursing Research Articles (RAs) as well as processes of acquiring English competences and of writing RAs, we conducted 4 types of research ; library search for nursing RAs in Japan, a preliminary comparative interview with 8 Japanese and British scholars respectively (JNRs&BNRs), semi-structured interviews with Japanese nursing scholars (14) and finally genre analysis of RAs in nursing published domestically (RAs written by Japanese writers) and internationally (RAs written by Japanese and British writers).2. Results: 1) As the number of nursing universities and graduate schools increased, that of RAs published domestically increased as well as the number of nursing research areas. 2) The major influences from SUPERVISOR were mentioned by both JNRs and BNRs and the keyword, "Research Protocol" was extracted from BNRs' data as the major differences between JNRs and BNRs at the onset of health care related research in the UK. 3) Significant differences in writing processes of JNRs were observed between "Qualitative Research" and "Quantitative Research" : (1) Qualitative researchers put the most emphases on Introduction and Literature Review, beginning parts of RAs, and write RAs straightforward from Introduction to Discussion in an IMRAD order, while quantitative researchers put the most emphases on Results and Methods. 3) As for contrastive genre analyses, the major differences were found in Discussions between Japanese and British RAs in international journals (J/INL and B/INL) and Japanese RAs in domestic journals (J/J). That is, J/J used "Claim" moves significantly less than J/INL and B/INL. In addition, in Introductions, J/J applied fewer types of rhetorical moves than J/INL and B/INL. This suggests that for English writing course at a tertiary level, students be guided how to utilize various types of rhetorical moves to be successful international writers of their RAs.