The difference of the rural market systems in Manchuria, North China and the Loess plateau, and its historical implication

本文采用历史研究和田野调查相结合的方法，在满洲、中国北部、黄土高原等地，试图构建中国农村市场体系的一般模型。第一年和第二年，我们在这些地区进行了实地考察。第三年，我们在黄土高原的一个农村进行了额外的田野调查和历史文献研究，试图建立一个中国农村市场的通用模型。今年的主要结果如下：(1)Yasutomi和Kanehashi Masato(东京大学博士生)分析了满洲的人口分布。Kanehashi成功地表明，在20世纪70年代可以观察到支持安部康美(2000)提出的理论的人口格局。这种模式在20世纪80年代和90年代逐渐消失。相反，山东省在20世纪70年代观察到了不同的模式。(2)Fukao和Ishida Shinichi对黄土高原高石沟村的传播模式与生态的关系进行了研究。这个村庄以成功地恢复生态而闻名。它是这个地区唯一一个有树林和池塘的村庄。石田在这个村子里做了长期的田野工作，并研究了它成功的原因。他的结论是，通过土地改革的过程，这个村庄能够相互信赖。它成功地在这个村庄之间建立了相互信任，它的领导人能够拒绝政府强迫的不切实际的规范。他们做了他们认为有意义的事情，拒绝假装遵循政府的政策。这种传播模式导致了其生态的恢复。

We tried to construct an general model of the rural market systems in China adapting the method of history and fieldwork in Manchuria, North China and Loess Plateau. In the first and second year we made a field work in these areas. In this third year we made an additional field work in a rural village in the Loess Plateau and a research of historical documents, and tried to make an general model of Chinese rural markets.The major results of this year are as follows; (1)Yasutomi and KANEHASHI Masato (Ph.D candidate of the Univ.of Tokyo) analyzed the population distribution of Manchuria. Kanehashi succeeded to make clear that the population pattern which supported the theory proposed by Yasutomi (2000) could be observed in 1970s. This pattern gradually vanished in 1980s and 1990s. On the contrary, a different pattern was observed in the Shandong province in 1970s. (2)Fukao and ISHIDA Shinichi made research on the relationship between communication pattern and the ecology of Gaoshigou village in the Loess Plateau. This village is famous for its success in recovering its ecology. It is the only one village in this area to have woods and pond. Ishida made a long term field work in this village and studied the reason of its success. He concluded that this village was able to make mutual reliability though the process of land reform. It succeeded to make mutual reliability amongst this village and its leader was able to reject the unrealistic norm which was forced from the government. They did what they thought meaningful and rejected to pretend to follow the governmental policy. This communication pattern resulted in the recovery of its ecology.