Pedestrian Protection in Low Speed Vehicle-Pedestrian Collisions

高速碰撞（40 km/h）中的行人保护已经在许多研究中进行了研究。本文除了研究高速碰撞中行人的保护问题外，还研究了低速碰撞中行人的保护问题，并利用事故数据分析了低速碰撞中行人的损伤类型和严重程度。即使在低速碰撞中，行人也可能由于头部与路面接触或由于下肢与保险杠结构接触而受伤。针对行人头部与路面发生碰撞时的损伤危险性高的问题，建立了一个能够再现行人低速碰撞运动学的多体仿真模型。文献中关节性能的测定均采用志愿者和尸体试验。利用文献中的试验结果和车辆抛撒距离对模型进行了验证。利用该模型，研究了行人与货车碰撞时，行人在车辆前方的投影 ...更多信息 清洁和与路面接触。特别是当头部与路面接触时，伤害可能很严重。在货车型车辆的侧面碰撞中，行人表现出复杂的躯干绕垂直轴旋转的行为。当货车有一个短的前鼻子，行人被抛出的引擎盖和头部落在路面上是可能被阻止。在低速碰撞下肢受伤也进行了调查。利用汽车和腿形冲击器进行了实验测试，改变冲击速度从20到40 km/h。在低速碰撞中下肢的损伤风险对于在高速碰撞速度下表现出相似性能的汽车是不同的。人体有限元分析也适用于行人碰撞这些汽车。这些汽车对行人的伤害风险差异很小，因为伤害参数远小于胫骨骨折和膝关节韧带断裂的阈值。结果表明，在低速车-人碰撞中，与路面接触的行人头部损伤是最重要的。少

Pedestrian protection in high velocity collisions (40 km/h) has been investigated in many researches. In the present study, in addition to the pedestrian protection in high velocity impacts, the pedestrian protection at low velocity impacts was examined.Using accident data, the injury types and severities of pedestrian were examined in low velocity collisions. Even in low velocity impacts, pedestrian can be injured due to head contact with road surface or due to lower extremity contact with bumper structures. When the pedestrian head made contact with the road surface, injury risks are high.A multi-body simulation model that can reproduces kinematics of pedestrian in low speed impacts was developed. The joint properties were determined from volunteer and cadaver tests in literatures. This model was validated by test results in references and throwing distance from vehicles. By using this model, it was shown that in a collision with van the pedestrian could be projected in front of vehi … More cle and contact with road surface. Particularly when the head contacts with the road surface, injury can be severe. In the impacts with side of the van type vehicle, the pedestrian showed complex behavior with rotating its torso around vertical axis. When the van has a short front nose, the pedestrian is thrown upon the bonnet and the head falling onto the road surface is likely to be prevented.Injuries to lower extremities in a low velocity impact were also investigated. Experimental tests using cars and legform impactor were carried out with changing impact velocity from 20 to 40 km/h. The injury risks of lower extremities in low velocity collisions were different for cars that show similar performances at high speed impact velocity. The human finite element analyses were also applied for pedestrian collisions with these cars. The difference in injury risks to pedestrian between these cars was small since injury parameters were far smaller than the thresholds of tibia fractures and knee ligament ruptures. From this result, it was demonstrated that the pedestrian head injuries in contact with road surface is most important in low velocity vehicle-pedestrian collisions. Less