Population, Family, Individual: Towards a History of Human Genetic Knowledge in the Early Federal Republic of Germany, 1949-1965

人口、家庭、个人：迈向德意志联邦共和国早期人类遗传知识史，1949-1965

• 批准号: 491871468
• 负责人: Professorin Dr. Isabel Heinemann
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: Lehrstuhl für Neueste Geschichte
• 依托单位国家: 德国
• 项目类别: Research Grants
• 资助国家: 德国
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/491871468?language=en
• 关键词: Population; Family; Individual; Towards; History

The project proposes an integrative history of human genetic knowledge and its use (production, circulation, reception) in the Federal Republic of Germany at the crossroads of the Nazi dictatorship and Western democracy. It focusses on actors, orders and the science of human genetics (formerly racial biology and eugenics) while also taking into account representations of human genetic knowledge. While investigating the use of the terms “population”, “family” and “individual” as central categories of human genetic research and counseling after 1945, we look for continuity and change in a period of institutional and research-based reorganization – the transformation from National Socialism to democracy, from race science to human genetics, from phenotypical screening to molecular research.Our analysis focuses on five human geneticists and their respective research institutes in the FRG who all started their careers in the period of National Socialism: Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer (Münster), Hans Nachtsheim (Berlin), Fritz Lenz (Göttingen), Wolfgang Lehmann (Kiel), and Karl Saller (München). After shaping and implementing race science in the Third Reich, all of them succeeded to continue or relaunch their careers after the war. In the FRG, these scientists built their respective research institutes from scratch until the late 1950s/early 1960s and helped to establish human genetics in Germany after 1945. Despite these striking personal continuities, no historical study has ever investigated the methods and approaches to human genetics used by these veterans of race science in this crucial period of transformation. We thus ask: Which were the conditions that allowed the former core science of the Nazi regime to morph into the widely accepted and internationally connected field of human genetics? Which methods were used by the five main actors, which topics researched and which research questions dealt with, which international networks reactivated or built anew? How did these men define „human genetic knowledge“ as such (compared to race ideology)? How did they shape their discipline’s approach towards society and politics? Drawing on Philip Sarasin, we propose to analyze actors, orderings and representations of human genetic knowledge in a broad history-of-knowledge-approach. To access the broad scope of post-war human genetics, we integrate methodologies of contemporary history, science and technology studies, historical epistemology and history of science into our analysis. Our main sources consist of the papers and (international) correspondences of the five main protagonists and their research institutes, their research publications and public lectures.

该项目提出了一个人类遗传知识及其在处于纳粹独裁和西方民主十字路口的德国联邦共和国的使用（生产、流通、接受）的综合历史。它侧重于演员，订单和人类遗传学（以前的种族生物学和优生学）的科学，同时也考虑到人类遗传知识的表现。在调查1945年后人类遗传研究和咨询的中心类别“人口”，“家庭”和“个人”等术语的使用时，我们在制度和基于研究的重组时期寻找连续性和变化-从国家社会主义到民主的转变，从种族科学到人类遗传学，从表型筛选到分子研究。我们的分析集中在联邦德国的五位人类遗传学家及其各自的研究机构，他们都是在国家社会主义时期开始职业生涯的：奥特马尔·冯·弗舒尔（德语：Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer）（明斯特）、汉斯·纳赫茨海姆（德语：Hans Nachtsheim）（柏林）、弗里茨·伦茨（德语：Fritz Lenz）（哥廷根）、沃尔夫冈·莱曼（德语：Wolfgang Lehmann）（基尔）和卡尔·萨勒（德语：Karl Saller）（慕尼黑）。在第三赖希形成和实施种族科学之后，他们都成功地在战后继续或重新开始了他们的职业生涯。在联邦德国，这些科学家从零开始建立了各自的研究机构，直到20世纪50年代末/60年代初，并在1945年后帮助建立了德国的人类遗传学。尽管有这些惊人的个人连续性，但没有历史研究调查过这些种族科学资深人士在这个关键的转型时期使用的人类遗传学方法和途径。因此，我们要求：是什么样的条件让纳粹政权的前核心科学变成了被广泛接受和国际联系的人类遗传学领域？五个主要行为者使用了哪些方法，研究了哪些专题，处理了哪些研究问题，哪些国际网络重新启动或重新建立？这些人是如何定义“人类基因知识”的（与种族意识形态相比）？他们如何塑造他们的学科对社会和政治的态度？借鉴菲利普·萨拉辛，我们建议分析演员，排序和人类遗传知识的表示在一个广泛的历史知识的方法。为了进入战后人类遗传学的广泛范围，我们将当代历史，科学和技术研究，历史认识论和科学史的方法融入我们的分析。我们的主要来源包括五位主要主角及其研究机构的论文和（国际）通信，他们的研究出版物和公开讲座。