Vertical Turbulent Aerosol Particle Transport above open Water and Ice in the central Arctic during Summertime (APAICA) -Aerosol particle sources and transformation in the Arctic marine boundary layer

目前在北极观测到的气候变化导致的最强烈的温度上升。这一事实基于一系列非常复杂的过程和反馈，其中气溶胶粒子通过影响辐射平衡和云的形成发挥了重要作用。为了评估冰盖变化的影响，还需要更好地了解海洋以及冰与大气之间的相互作用。总的来说，缺乏大气测量，特别是在北冰洋，这是了解过程和预测预期变化所迫切需要的。目前对这些地区的海洋/冰与大气之间的交换过程了解甚少。在这个项目中，RV Polarstern将用于详细研究水和冰以上的垂直交换过程，并定位气溶胶颗粒的相关来源。为此，计划在船上进行一系列连续的气溶胶测量，包括数量大小分布、光学参数（散射、吸收）、含黑碳颗粒的混合比（BC）、冰成核颗粒的浓度（INP）和气溶胶颗粒的化学成分。此外，将在夏季频繁出现的雾期收集雾水样本，以及在整个运动期间每天从海洋中收集水样。在测量活动结束后，将对这些样品进行INP和BC浓度分析。利用激光白炽灯首次测量了空气和水样中的BC-浓度。提出了一种用于高盐度水样预处理的新方法。通过对空气和水中成分的平行研究，这些气溶胶颗粒的运输和交换过程将被量化。在船舶无风运动或随冰漂移时，将在船舶前支臂处安装用于测定垂直颗粒通量的测量设备。这将用于获取风矢量和粒子浓度的时间序列，随后将其用于通过涡流相关方差法确定垂直湍流粒子通量。结合这些测量，记录了INP的浓度，以便能够确定其来源和来源。另一个测量系统，由一个一维风测量和一个粒子计数器组成，连接在前支臂下方的吊钩上，并确定粒子浓度的垂直分布，由此也可以估计垂直粒子通量。这些方法已得到证实和确立，但从未在北冰洋以这种方式应用过。

The strongest temperature increase due to climate change is currently observed in the Arctic. This fact is based on a very complex chain of processes and feedbacks, in which aerosol particles play an essential role through their influence on radiation balance and cloud formation. In order to assess the impact of changing ice cover, the interactions between ocean as well as ice and the atmosphere also need to be better understood. In general, there is a lack of atmospheric measurements especially in the Arctic Ocean, which are urgently needed to understand the processes but also to predict the expected changes. Exchange processes between ocean/ice and atmosphere are currently poorly understood in these regions. In this project, the RV Polarstern will be used to study vertical exchange processes above water and ice in detail and to localize associated sources of aerosol particles. For this purpose, a series of continuous aerosol measurements on board the ship are planned, including number size distributions, optical parameters (scattering, absorption), the mixing ratio of particles containing black carbon (BC), the concentration of ice nucleating particles (INP), and the chemical composition of aerosol particles. Furthermore, samples of fog water will be collected during fog phases that occur frequently in summer, as well as daily water samples from the ocean throughout the campaign. These samples will be analyzed for the concentration of INP and BC after the measurement campaign. For the first time, BC- concentrations in airborne and water samples will be measured for the using laser incandescence. A novel method for pre-treatment of water samples with high salinity will be applied. By this combination of parallel investigation of components in air and water, transport and exchange processes of these aerosol particles shall be quantified.In the periods with calm movement of the ship or drift with the ice, measurement equipment for the determination of vertical particle fluxes will be employed at the frontal outrigger of the ship. This will be used to acquire time series of the wind vector and particle concentration, which will subsequently be used to determine the vertical turbulent particle flux by the eddy covariance method. Combined with these measurements, the concentration of the INP is recorded in order to be able to assign their origin and sources. Another measuring system, consisting of a one-dimensional wind measurement and a particle counter, is attached to the crane hook below the frontal outrigger and determines the vertical profiles of the particle concentration from which an estimation of the vertical particle flux is also possible. These methods are proven and established, but have never been applied in this way over the Arctic Ocean.