Neural mechanisms for the selection of behavior and for the strategy of movement

Kimura等人研究了单侧多巴胺耗竭的猴子的顺序按钮按压学习。他们发现，如果猴子使用对侧的手来减少多巴胺，那么它们在学习运动策略时会有严重的困难。他们的研究结果清楚地表明，基底神经节在学习行为策略中起着至关重要的作用。本文研究了在完成各种手臂动作的猕猴背侧和腹侧运动前皮层（PMd，PMv）的单神经元活动。他们发现，PMd和PMv中的神经元活动代表了一种运动，如推，拉和转动杠杆。这一特性与辅助运动区形成鲜明对比。研究的目的是确定参与学习和记忆序列运动行为的大脑区域。他们发现了一系列证据，表明前SMA参与刺激和运动之间的学习关联，并且额叶皮质、基底神经节和小脑在序列运动行为的学习和记忆中起着至关重要的作用。Mizuno等人在计算神经科学的基础上证明，被提出用于学习感觉-运动整合的“多个成对的正向-反向模型”也可用于人类通信的感觉-运动整合。在纹状体中发现了新型的传出神经元，其产生前速激肽原并引起向无名质的投射。加塞等人，研究了人类受试者在紧张的头部运动期间补偿性眼球运动的特性。分析了视网膜ON型视杆细胞与双极细胞之间的突触传递，研究了神经节细胞的离子机制。

Kimura et al. studied learning of sequential button press in the monkeys with unilateral dopamine depletion. They found that the monkeys had severe difficulty in learning motor strategy, if they used contralateral hand to the dopamine depletion. Their results clearly indicated that the basal ganglia are critically involved in learning behavioral strategy.Tanji et al., studied single neuron activity in the dorsal and ventral premotor cortex (PMd, PMv) of monkeys which performed kinds of arm movements. They found that neuron activity of in the PMd and PMv represents kind of movement such as push, pull and turn of lever. This property makes sharp contrast to supplementary motor area.Hikosaka et al., studied to identify brain areas which are involved in learning and memory of sequence motor acts. They found a line of evidence suggesting that preSMA is involved in learning associations between the stimulus and movement, and that the frontal cortices, the basal ganglia and the cerebellum play a crucial roles in learning and memory of sequence motor acts.Kawato et al., demonstrated, on the bases of computational neurosciences, that "multiple paired forward-inverse models" which were proposed to be useful for learning sensory-motor integration are also useful for sensory-motor integration of human communications.Mizuno et al., found new type of efferent neurons in the striatum which produce preprotachykinin and give rise to projections to the substantia innominata.Kasai et al., studied properties of compensatory eye movements during strait head movements in human subjects.Usui et al., analyzed synaptic transmission between ON type rod and bipolar cell in the retina and studied ionic mechanisms of ganglion cells.