Molecular mechanism of DNA damage-induced responses and its failure by carcinogenesis

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It has been shown that following DNA damage anti-oncogenic protein kinases, including ATM, Chk1 and Chk2 kinases, are phosphorylated and activated, thereby executing checkpoint machinery, leading to cell-cycle arrest. Subsequently, oncogenic Wip1 phosphatase are induced by p53, and dephosphorylates and inactivates phosphorylated -protein kinases, thereby re-starts arrested cell-cycle. In addition, we have shown that in osteosarcoma cell lines constitutively active Wnt5a/Ror2 signaling induces matrix metalloproteinase-13, thereby confers invasive properties on osteosarcoma cells.