Right to stay for victims of hate crimes. Concept, analysis and outlook

仇恨犯罪受害者的居留权。

• 批准号: 503202260
• 负责人: Simon Herker
• 金额: --
• 依托单位国家: 德国
• 项目类别: Publication Grants
• 财政年份: 2022
• 资助国家: 德国
• 起止时间: 2021-12-31 至 2022-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/503202260?language=en
• 关键词: Right; stay; victims; hate; crimes.

This monograph is an analysis of the legal implications for victims of hate crimes concerning their right to residence in the multi-level system of International, European, German constitutional, federal and state law. Moreover, it empirically investigates the administrative practice in the Federal Republic of Germany, based on which it suggests amendments of the German residence act de lege ferenda. In a first step, the paper examines the phenomenon of hate, bias, or discriminatory crime, with particular consideration of approaches from victimology and the social sciences. Subsequently, it is observed that the non-discrimination principle entails an obligation on the respondent State to conduct an effective investigation of any hate crime incidents. This responsibility corresponds with a victim's right to effective judicial protection, reparation, and satisfaction. Victims shall be able to take an active role in the proceedings. Depending on the severity of the crime, they have the right to physically attend and participate in the criminal proceedings against the suspects. This is a result of the human and fundamental rights impaired by hate crimes. Additionally, it expresses the right to a fair trial and finds its basis in modern criminal justice theories. The German residence act enables the Foreigners' Registration Office to adequately take into consideration the interests of crime victims regarding criminal proceedings, possible compensation procedures, and medical as well as psychotherapeutic treatment This also manifests itself in the administrative rules of the federal states of Brandenburg, Thuringia and Berlin, which prescribe that the discretionary power of the residence act may be used in favour of the victims of hate, bias, or discriminatory crimes. Yet, for three-and-a-half to four years since coming into effect, these administrative rules have hardly been put to use due to a lack of formal applications. The reason may be problems of the mobilization of the law that can also be associated with the victims' precarious situation and status of residence. In carrying out a particular case study, the monograph identifies indications that there is a lack of sensitivity to people affected by hate crimes in the administrative as well as in the judicial authorities. The personal and legal interests of the hate crime victim to participate in the proceedings against the suspects have mostly been disregarded, insofar as they go beyond the public interest in criminal prosecution. There is a need for legal clarification concerning the right of residence of hate crime victims. On the one hand, it shall secure the effective participation of hate crime victims in the criminal proceedings against the suspects. On the other hand, a statutory right to permanent residence after the conclusion of criminal proceedings may be contemplated as a means of compensation and commitment against discriminatory violence.

这本专著分析了仇恨犯罪受害者在国际法、欧洲法、德国宪法法、联邦法和州法等多层次体系中居住权所涉的法律的问题。其次，对德国的联邦共和国的行政实践进行了实证研究，并在此基础上提出了修改德国居留法的建议。在第一步中，本文研究了仇恨，偏见或歧视性犯罪的现象，特别考虑到受害者学和社会科学的方法。因此，有人指出，不歧视原则要求被告国有义务对任何仇恨犯罪事件进行有效调查。这一责任与受害者获得有效司法保护、赔偿和满足的权利相对应。受害者应能在诉讼中发挥积极作用。根据罪行的严重程度，他们有权亲自出席和参与对嫌疑人的刑事诉讼。这是仇恨犯罪损害人权和基本权利的结果。此外，它还表达了获得公平审判的权利，并在现代刑事司法理论中找到了其基础。德国居留法使外国人登记局能够充分考虑到犯罪受害者在刑事诉讼、可能的赔偿程序、医疗和心理治疗方面的利益。这也体现在勃兰登堡、图林根和柏林等联邦州的行政规则中。其中规定，《居住法》的酌处权可用于帮助仇恨、偏见或歧视性犯罪的受害者。然而，自生效以来的三年半至四年，由于缺乏正式应用，这些行政规则几乎没有付诸实施。其原因可能是法律的运用问题，也可能与受害者的不稳定状况和居住地位有关。在进行一项具体的案例研究时，该专著指出，有迹象表明，行政和司法当局对受仇恨犯罪影响的人缺乏敏感性。仇恨犯罪受害者参与对嫌疑人的诉讼程序的个人和法律的利益大多被忽视，因为这些利益超出了刑事诉讼中的公共利益。有必要在法律的上澄清仇恨犯罪受害者的居住权。一方面，它应确保仇恨犯罪受害者有效参与对嫌疑人的刑事诉讼。另一方面，在刑事诉讼结束后，可考虑将获得永久居留的法定权利作为一种补偿和承诺打击歧视性暴力的手段。