The effect of grazing on comfort, immunity, and productivity in cattle

白天放牧、半日放牧、散舍饲养和系留饲养的牛睡眠增加，拮抗行为减少。放牧使催产素升高，N/L比值和皮质醇降低。吃站立的草比吃收获的草催产素增加。强化饲养减少了站立休息，增加了睡眠、进食、躺卧和附属行为。被刷后催产素增加。行为多样化，释放到围场后催产素增加。

In cattle, sleeping was increased and agonistic behavior was decreased in the order of whole day grazing, half day grazing, free stall rearing, and tethered rearing. Oxytocin was increased and N/L ratio and cortisol were decreased in grazing. Oxytocin was increased in eating of standing grasses than of harvested grasses. Stand-resting was decreased and sleep, feeding, lying, and affilative behaviors were increased in the enrichment rearing. Oxytocin was increased after being brushed. Behavior was diverse and oxytocin was increased after releasing to paddock.