Behavioral Change of Cattle after Tethering and Its Psychological, Physiological and Biochemical Functions

1.对育肥牛、公牛、种牛、日用母牛和生长牛进行了舌战性质的调查。拴养牛和人工哺乳牛喂食后经常出现舌弹现象。它被喂食长干草抑制，长干草在进食时促进复杂的舌头运动。舌头游戏可能不仅来自于拴系，也可能来自于对含有吸吮的进食行为的定性和定量的抑制。对被拴山羊进行为期10个月的观察，研究被拴山羊对行为和生理的影响。山羊的行为反应有3个阶段，生理反应有2个阶段。3个时相的行为反应非常相似，生理反应以N/L比值较高，第二时相嗜酸性细胞抑制较强。在双行为反应的第二阶段之后，一只山羊进行了刻板的掉头行为。适应战术的个体差异明显，…此外，表现为低度和中等类型冲突行为的动物倾向于处于生理应激状态，而表现出强型冲突行为的动物则倾向于从生理应激状态中恢复过来。冲突行为被阿片类药物拮抗剂纳洛酮抑制，刻板行为被多巴胺拮抗剂氟哌啶醇阻断。阿片和多巴胺是与应激相关的生物化学物质，强烈提示行为应激反应与生理应激反应之间的关系。研究了人工哺乳和饲喂切碎粗饲料对头3个月牛舌音的影响。在哺乳期和断奶后，切碎干草对哺乳的抑制和对舌头运动的抑制分别是应激源。尽管系留产生了强烈的应激反应，但单系系下的刻板印象并不明显。刻板印象可能源于各种压力源的复杂性。较少

1. The nature of tongue-playing was investigated in fattening cattle, bulls, breeding cows, daily cows, and growing cattle. Tongue-playing was frequently occured after feeding in tethered cattle and artificially suckled cattle. It was supressed by feeding long hay, which promotes complex tongue movements during eating. Tongue-playing may be derived from not only tethering but also qualitative and quantitative supression of feeding behavior containing suckling.2. Tethered goats were observed for 10 months to investigate the effect tethering on behavior and physiology. Goats responded behaviorally with 3 phases and physiologically with 2 phases. Behavioral responses were quite similar in each of 3 phases, while physiological responses were higher ratio of N/L in the first phase and strong supression of acidophil in the second phase. After the second phase in bihavioural responses, one goat performed the stereotypic head-turn behavior. Individual difference in adaptive tactics was obvious … More , that is, animals performing low and medium type conflict behavior tended to be in physiological stress, while animals performing strong type conflict behavior tended to recover from physiological stress situation. Conflict behavior was supressed by naloxone injections which is an antagonist of opioid and stereotypies were ceased by haloperidol injections which is an antagonist of dopamine. Opioid and dopamine are biochemicals relating with stress, which strongly suggests the relationship between behavioral stress responses and physiological stress responses.3. The effect of artifical suckling and feeding of chopped roughages on tongue-playing was investigated for first 3 months in cattle. Supression of suckling and supression of tongue movements by offered chopped hay could be stressors during the suckling period and after weaning, respectively.Though tethering gave rise to strong stress responses, stereotypies were not conspicuous under tethering alone. Stereotypies might be derived from the complex of various stressors. Less