Behavioral Change of Cattle after Tethering and Its Psychological, Physiological and Biochemical Functions

1.在育肥牛、公牛、种牛、日用牛和生长牛中调查了舌戏的性质。栓系牛和人工哺乳牛在饲喂后经常发生吐舌现象。这是抑制喂养长干草，促进复杂的舌头运动在进食过程中。舌戏可能不仅来源于束缚，还可能是对含吸吮的摄食行为的质和量的抑制.本试验对拴系山羊进行了为期10个月的观察，以研究拴系对山羊行为和生理的影响。山羊的行为反应有3个阶段，生理反应有2个阶段。3个阶段的行为反应基本相同，生理反应第一阶段为高N/L比，第二阶段为嗜酸细胞强抑制。在第二阶段的双向反应后，一只山羊进行刻板的转头行为。适应策略的个体差异显著 ...更多信息 即表现出低、中冲突行为的动物更倾向于处于生理应激状态，而表现出强冲突行为的动物更倾向于从生理应激状态中恢复。注射阿片拮抗剂纳洛酮可抑制冲突行为，注射多巴胺拮抗剂氟哌啶醇可终止刻板行为。阿片类物质和多巴胺是与应激有关的生化物质，这有力地说明了行为应激反应和生理应激反应之间的关系.本试验研究了人工哺乳和饲喂碎粗饲料对头3个月牛舌戏的影响。在哺乳期和断奶后，抑制哺乳和抑制舌头运动的切碎干草可以分别是应激源。虽然拴系引起了强烈的应激反应，刻板印象不明显下单独拴系。刻板印象可能来源于多种应激源的复合。少

1. The nature of tongue-playing was investigated in fattening cattle, bulls, breeding cows, daily cows, and growing cattle. Tongue-playing was frequently occured after feeding in tethered cattle and artificially suckled cattle. It was supressed by feeding long hay, which promotes complex tongue movements during eating. Tongue-playing may be derived from not only tethering but also qualitative and quantitative supression of feeding behavior containing suckling.2. Tethered goats were observed for 10 months to investigate the effect tethering on behavior and physiology. Goats responded behaviorally with 3 phases and physiologically with 2 phases. Behavioral responses were quite similar in each of 3 phases, while physiological responses were higher ratio of N/L in the first phase and strong supression of acidophil in the second phase. After the second phase in bihavioural responses, one goat performed the stereotypic head-turn behavior. Individual difference in adaptive tactics was obvious … More , that is, animals performing low and medium type conflict behavior tended to be in physiological stress, while animals performing strong type conflict behavior tended to recover from physiological stress situation. Conflict behavior was supressed by naloxone injections which is an antagonist of opioid and stereotypies were ceased by haloperidol injections which is an antagonist of dopamine. Opioid and dopamine are biochemicals relating with stress, which strongly suggests the relationship between behavioral stress responses and physiological stress responses.3. The effect of artifical suckling and feeding of chopped roughages on tongue-playing was investigated for first 3 months in cattle. Supression of suckling and supression of tongue movements by offered chopped hay could be stressors during the suckling period and after weaning, respectively.Though tethering gave rise to strong stress responses, stereotypies were not conspicuous under tethering alone. Stereotypies might be derived from the complex of various stressors. Less