Clarifying frustrated behaviors as indicators in animal welfare and an assess ment of intensive husbandry systems

本项目包括三个部分，即文献综述、挫折行为澄清和从动物福利的角度对集约化养殖系统进行评估。由于日本人长期以来没有虐待动物，所以直到现在我们才认真考虑保护动物。然而，动物生产协会从1985年开始调查和讨论动物福利，现在认为动物生产系统不仅应该从生产力方面考虑，而且应该从动物福利方面考虑。用操作条件反射法研究了小牛犊的行为需求，结果表明，小牛犊对动态运动和社会行为也有需求。在行为剥夺的情况下，小牛除了休息外，自己梳理毛发、小便、咬无生命动物和吸吮无生命动物的次数也增加了。研究人员观察了长颈鹿，以调查它们卷舌的原因。卷舌在限制、社会压力、环境和饲料的简化下增加。提示卷舌是心理压力下的受挫行为之一。在单栏人工饲养中，社会行为、哺乳行为、移动行为和调查行为受到抑制，非营养性吸吮行为、破坏行为和躺卧行为受到促进。卷舌在拴牛的过程中得到了特别的推广。育肥牛在系绳后不久就出现了卷舌现象，并逐渐成为典型的卷舌现象。育肥后期卷舌量减少。卷舌的表现抑制了沮丧行为，即自我梳理和反刍。卷舌表演者往往是没有内伤的动物。此外，滚舌表演者的数量随胴体等级的增加而增加。结果表明，在行为限制条件下，卷舌对心理应激具有抑制作用。与产蛋有关的调查行为、移动行为、社会行为和繁殖行为均受到抑制。人们认为，没有得到食物的啄食行为和异常行为的增加与这些行为限制相对应。少

This project consist of 3 parts, that is, a review of literatures, a clarification of behaviors under frustration, and an assessment of intensive husbandry systems from the viewpoint of animal welfare.1. A revieAs Japanese have not abused fars animals for a long time, we have not considered seriously the protection of fars animals until now. However, the society of animal production started to investigate and discuss animal welfare from 1985 and now it is thought that animal production systems should be considered not only from productivity but also animal welfare.2. A clarification of behaviors under frustrationBehavioral needs of calves were investigated in terms of an operand conditioning method, which showed that calves had needs for kinetic movements and social behaviors, too. Times spent autogrooming, ruinating, biting inanimates, and sucking inanimates in addition to resting were increased under behavioral deprivation in calves. Giraffes were observed to investigate causes of to … More ngue-rolling. Tongue-rolling increased under restriction, social stress, simplication of the environment and feed. suggesting that tongue-rolling was one of frustrated behaviors under psychological stress.3. An assessment of intensive husbandry systemsSocial behavior, suckling behavior, moving behavior and investigating behavior were suppressed and non-nutritive sucking behavior, ruinating behvior and lying behavior were promoted in artificial rearing calves in single pens. Tongue-rolling was especially Promoted in fattening cattle with tethers. Para tongue-rolling in fattening cattle emerged soon after tethering and became gradually stereotypic tongue-rolling. Tongue-rolling decreased in the last stage of fattening. Performance of tongue-rolling suppressed frustrated behaviors, that is, autogrooming and ruminating. Tongue-rolling performers tended to be animals not suffering internal lesions. In addition, the number of tongue-rolling performers tended to increase with carcass grades. These results suggested that tongue-rolling has a suppression effect for psychological stress under behavioral restriction. Investigating behavior, moving behavior, social behavior and reproductive behavior in relation to laying were suppressed in caged hens. It was thought that pecking behavior without getting feed and abnormal behaviors increased in corresponding to these behavioral restrictions. Less