Evaluation of the Stress Responses Evoked by Surgical Stimuli or Pain and the Roles of Opioids in Their Control

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This study aimed to investigate the mechanism and control of the stress responses induced by various stimuli, which is an important theme of anesthesiology and critical care medicine. The results demonstrate that the κ-opioid receptor plays an important role in the action of nitrous oxide, that the DNA damage and the mechanism other than the opioid receptor are involved in the opioid-induced immunosuppression, and that hypoxia-inducible factor-mediated gene expression is affected by various drugs and hypothermia.