Holy Monk-Bishops. Discourses on the Compatibility of Monasticism and Episcopacy in Hagiographic Vitae (11th-13th Centuries)
圣僧主教。
基本信息
- 批准号:511766496
- 负责人:
- 金额:--
- 依托单位:
- 依托单位国家:德国
- 项目类别:Research Grants
- 财政年份:
- 资助国家:德国
- 起止时间:
- 项目状态:未结题
- 来源:
- 关键词:
项目摘要
Although monks had become bishops since the 4th century, the monk-bishop remained a paradox, controversial figure in the Latin Middle Ages. On the one hand these bishops were idealized, on the other hand ever since Late Antiquity many had held the view that monasticism and episcopacy were not compatible. The main reason for this opinion was that the withdrawal from the world and its values was considered as constitutive for a monk, while the powerful bishop stood for action within the world. In the High Middle Ages, the compatibility of the two forms of life was newly challenged by the fundamental changes within monasticism and the church hierarchy. Especially the time between c. 1050 and c. 1250 was a dynamic period, in which monasticism diversified and a more unified, pope-centered church was institutionalized. The issue of the compatibility of the two forms of life became just as diversified as monasticism itself: Every monastic branch had to solve it in its own way, clarify its attitude to the church and develop its own episcopal ideals, because according to canon law a monk-bishop had to continue his monastic life.This project explores the paradox of monk-bishops in its literary communication during this period; it studies the hagiographic vitae of holy monk-bishops from contemplative communities to find out how monastic and episcopal life could be combined in an exemplary way and blended into the ideal of a monk-bishop. It analyses the vitae of Benedictine, Cistercian and Carthusian bishops written between c. 1050 and c. 1250 in England, France and the Kingdom of Burgundy. As for these regions, it wants to figure out, a) how the ideal of a monk-bishop was described and how he was legitimized in these vitae, and b) in which ways the episcopal ideals of the Benedictines, Cistercians and Carthusians as well as the respective attitudes to the church hierarchy within these vitae differed from each other.This project aims to fill a considerable research gap. Until now, a study about monk-bishops in this period, which explores the episcopal ideals of diverse monastic branches in a systematic and comparative way, is still a desideratum. Furthermore, it wants to contribute to the controversial question whether monastic elements within the episcopal ideal were gaining or losing importance due to the 11th-century Church Reform and the Investiture Controversy. The views in research on this matter were mainly based on the vitae of bishops from the “German” Empire and hardly discussed the monk-bishops as a special group, although they were the only bishops who were obliged to lead a monastic life by canon law. This project permits a more precise view on the subject, as it studies only the latter and includes bishops beyond the “German” Empire. Altogether, it wants to show how monks were placed in the changing Church of this time – and how they should alter the world exactly by withdrawing from it.
尽管僧侣从世纪开始就成为主教,但僧侣-主教在拉丁中世纪仍然是一个矛盾的、有争议的人物。一方面,这些主教是理想化的,另一方面,自古代晚期以来,许多人认为修道和主教制是不兼容的。这种观点的主要原因是,从世界和它的价值观撤退被认为是一个僧侣的组成部分,而强大的主教代表在世界范围内的行动。在中世纪盛期,这两种生活形式的兼容性受到修道制度和教会等级制度的根本变化的新挑战。尤其是在C。1050和C。1250年是一个充满活力的时期,修道主义多样化,一个更加统一的、以教皇为中心的教会制度化。两种生活方式的兼容性问题变得像修道制度本身一样多样化:每个修道院的分支都必须以自己的方式解决这个问题,澄清自己对教会的态度,发展自己的主教理想,因为根据教会法,僧侣-主教必须继续他的修道院生活。它研究了来自传教社区的圣僧侣-主教的圣徒传记,以了解如何以一种模范的方式将僧侣和主教的生活结合起来,并融入僧侣-主教的理想。它分析了本笃会,西多会和Carthusian主教之间写的C。1050和c. 1250年在英格兰、法国和勃艮第王国。对于这些地区,本项目希望弄清楚,a)在这些简历中,僧侣-主教的理想是如何被描述的,以及他是如何被合法化的,以及B)在这些简历中,本笃会、熙笃会和迦太基会的主教理想以及各自对教会等级制度的态度在哪些方面彼此不同。本项目旨在填补相当大的研究空白。迄今为止,对这一时期的僧侣-主教进行研究,以系统、比较的方式探讨不同寺院分支的主教理想,仍然是一个亟待解决的问题。此外,它希望有助于有争议的问题,是否在主教理想中的修道院元素正在获得或失去的重要性,由于11世纪的教会改革和叙任权争议。关于这一问题的研究观点主要基于“德意志”帝国主教的履历,而很少将僧侣-主教作为一个特殊群体来讨论,尽管他们是教会法规定的唯一必须过修道院生活的主教。这个项目允许对这个问题更精确的看法,因为它只研究后者,包括主教以外的“德国”帝国。总而言之,它想展示僧侣们是如何被安置在这个时代不断变化的教会中的--以及他们应该如何通过退出教会来改变世界。
项目成果
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