Settlement system and economic practices in the Orkhon Valley during the Mongol Empire

在成吉思汗的继任者窝阔台（1229-1241）统治期间，蒙古帝国进入了巩固阶段。1235年，他将喀喇昆仑扩大为首都，并在该市安置工匠和行政专家。使者、贡品和战利品到达这座城市，不断有报告说，统治者的宫殿旁边有一个鼓鼓的宝库。书面资料和考古学的数据表明，喀喇昆仑城、住宅和定居点是在乌戈代汗统治下仅四年（1235-1238年）内建成的。在一个没有任何城市的地区从头开始创造一个城市景观是一个杰作，直到现在还没有被认可。山谷一定是从一个低密度的营地和人口的畜牧经济迅速转变为一个由帝国组织的城市景观，在定居模式，土地使用和人口构成方面也发生了相应的根本变化。对额外能源和其他资源的突然需求肯定对自然和人类都是一个挑战，综合所有迹象，肯定对城市环境产生了巨大影响。该项目旨在研究鄂尔浑河流域中部蒙古帝国所有已知的不可移动建筑。这些定居点的范围应予以完整记录，定居点计划应予以拟订，定居点结构应予以说明。烟火装置应就地安装，如有可能，应确定其功能。该项目将与次级方案3和次级方案4密切合作，绘制所有有关地点的精确磁力图和地形图。此外，将首次记录蒙古的两项对核查研究股论文至关重要的活动：农业和炼铁。与次级方案5的密切合作将使人们了解巴彦戈尔场址的农业做法，此外，还将首次在蒙古确定农田系统的分类和年代。将进行几次调查，以确定该地区炼铁地点的位置。铁生产的各个步骤是非常能源和劳动密集型的。我们假设主要是木材和木炭被用作燃料，因此环境档案中可以记录突然增加的需求。我们将与SP2合作，继续在鄂尔浑山谷进行行人调查，特别关注山谷西北部的地区，我们在那里发现了一个新的定居点。结合以前调查中收集的信息，我们将初步了解定居模式的密度，季节性和永久性场地之间的关系，以及为城市和住宅提供的生产场地网络。

During the reign of Ögödei (1229-1241), the successor of Genghis Khan, the Mongolian Empire entered a phase of consolidation. In 1235, he had Karakorum expanded as the capital and settled craftsmen and administrative specialists in the city. Envoys, tributes and loot reach the city, and there are repeated reports of the bulging treasure houses next to the ruler's palace. The available data from written sources and archaeology indicates that the city of Karakorum, the residences and the settlements were built within a period of only four years (1235-1238) under Ögödei Khan. Creating an urban landscape from scratch in a region without any existing cities is a masterpiece and has not been recognized as such until now. The valley must have been quickly transformed from a pastoral economy with low density of campsites and population into an urban landscape organized by the empire with corresponding radical changes in settlement patterns, land use, and composition of the population. The sudden need of additional energy and also of other resources must have been a challenge for nature and man. Taking all indications together there must have been an enormous urban impact of the environment. This project aims at studying all known settlements with non-movable architecture of the Mongol empire in the middle Orkhon Valley. These settlements are to be completely recorded in their extent, settlement plans are to be drawn up and their structure is to be described. Pyrotechnic installations should be localized and, if possible, their function determined. In close cooperation with SP3 and SP4 this project will produce precise magnetic and topographic maps of all the sites in question. In addition, two activities that are central for the verification of the theses of the Research Unit will be recorded for Mongolia for the first time: Agriculture and iron smelting. Close cooperation with SP5 will result in a knowledge of agricultural practices at the Bayan Gol site and in addition to it a classification and dating of field systems will be established for the first time in Mongolia. Several surveys will be conducted to localize iron smelting sites in the region. The various steps of iron production are very energy and labor intensive. We assume that primarily wood respectively charcoal was used as fuel, so that the abruptly increased demand can be captured in the environmental archives. In cooperation with SP2 we will continue the pedestrian surveys in the Orkhon Valley with a special focus on the area in the northwest part of the valley where we discovered a new settlement. Together with already gathered information from previous surveys we will get a first understanding of the density of the settlement pattern, the relationship between seasonal and permanent sites, and the network of producing sites for supplying the city and the residences.