Settlement system and economic practices in the Orkhon Valley during the Mongol Empire

在成吉思汗的继任者奥格代(1229年-1241年)统治期间，蒙古帝国进入了巩固阶段。1235年，他将喀喇昆仑扩展为首都，并在该市安顿了工匠和行政专家。使者、贡品和战利品抵达这座城市，有反复报道称，统治者宫殿旁边的宝库鼓了起来。现有的书面资料和考古资料表明，喀喇昆仑城、住宅和定居点仅在奥格代伊·汗统治下的四年时间内(1235-1238)建成。在一个没有任何现有城市的地区从头开始创造一个城市景观是一个杰作，直到现在才被承认为这样的杰作。山谷肯定很快从露营地和人口密度低的田园经济转变为帝国组织的城市景观，居住模式、土地利用和人口构成也发生了相应的根本性变化。对额外能源和其他资源的突然需求肯定是对自然和人类的挑战。所有迹象加在一起，肯定对城市环境产生了巨大的影响。该项目旨在研究鄂尔多洪河谷中部所有已知的蒙古帝国不可移动建筑的聚落。应完整记录这些定居点的范围，拟定定居点计划，并说明其结构。烟火装置应本地化，如有可能，应确定其功能。该项目将与战略规划3和战略规划4密切合作，为所有有关地点绘制精确的地磁和地形图。此外，将首次为蒙古记录对核查研究股论文至关重要的两项活动：农业和炼铁。与战略计划5的密切合作将使人们了解巴彦古勒遗址的农业实践，此外，蒙古还将首次建立田地系统的分类和年代测定。将进行几次调查，以确定该地区铁冶炼地点的本地化程度。钢铁生产的各个步骤都是非常耗能和劳动密集型的。我们假设主要使用木材和木炭作为燃料，因此突然增加的需求可以被记录在环境档案中。与SP2合作，我们将继续在鄂尔多洪山谷进行行人调查，特别是在山谷西北部我们发现新定居点的地区。结合以前调查收集的信息，我们将初步了解聚落模式的密度、季节性和永久性地点之间的关系，以及供应城市和住宅的生产地点网络。

During the reign of Ögödei (1229-1241), the successor of Genghis Khan, the Mongolian Empire entered a phase of consolidation. In 1235, he had Karakorum expanded as the capital and settled craftsmen and administrative specialists in the city. Envoys, tributes and loot reach the city, and there are repeated reports of the bulging treasure houses next to the ruler's palace. The available data from written sources and archaeology indicates that the city of Karakorum, the residences and the settlements were built within a period of only four years (1235-1238) under Ögödei Khan. Creating an urban landscape from scratch in a region without any existing cities is a masterpiece and has not been recognized as such until now. The valley must have been quickly transformed from a pastoral economy with low density of campsites and population into an urban landscape organized by the empire with corresponding radical changes in settlement patterns, land use, and composition of the population. The sudden need of additional energy and also of other resources must have been a challenge for nature and man. Taking all indications together there must have been an enormous urban impact of the environment. This project aims at studying all known settlements with non-movable architecture of the Mongol empire in the middle Orkhon Valley. These settlements are to be completely recorded in their extent, settlement plans are to be drawn up and their structure is to be described. Pyrotechnic installations should be localized and, if possible, their function determined. In close cooperation with SP3 and SP4 this project will produce precise magnetic and topographic maps of all the sites in question. In addition, two activities that are central for the verification of the theses of the Research Unit will be recorded for Mongolia for the first time: Agriculture and iron smelting. Close cooperation with SP5 will result in a knowledge of agricultural practices at the Bayan Gol site and in addition to it a classification and dating of field systems will be established for the first time in Mongolia. Several surveys will be conducted to localize iron smelting sites in the region. The various steps of iron production are very energy and labor intensive. We assume that primarily wood respectively charcoal was used as fuel, so that the abruptly increased demand can be captured in the environmental archives. In cooperation with SP2 we will continue the pedestrian surveys in the Orkhon Valley with a special focus on the area in the northwest part of the valley where we discovered a new settlement. Together with already gathered information from previous surveys we will get a first understanding of the density of the settlement pattern, the relationship between seasonal and permanent sites, and the network of producing sites for supplying the city and the residences.