Multi-methodological three-dimensional investigation of open- and closed-system Pingos in northwestern Canada (Pingo3D)

平果是北极最重要的地貌之一，也是极地永久冻土景观的关键特征。它们对气候和水文条件的变化非常敏感，因此在当前全球变暖的过程中，它们的空间分布可能会发生显著变化。这是由于温度升高，但也由于永久冻土水文的变化，这在形成过程中起着至关重要的作用，但在pingo的腐烂过程中也是如此。该项目旨在通过三维地球物理测量和各种原位数据的结合方法，对开放系统和封闭系统的pingo的内部结构及其成因有新的认识。地表和地下性质之间可能的相互作用是主要焦点。地电、感应极化、地质雷达和潜在的电磁将用于进行三维地球物理调查，因为它们可以对近地表的地下进行高分辨率表征，并在冻结和未冻结区域之间进行良好的描绘。此外，地表温度记录仪和几个钻孔将用于研究热状态的时空变化。地表参数包括各种地形特征，如植被类型和高度。这些表面参数将使用高分辨率、基于无人机的地形模型和正射影像仪确定，并检查项目过程中的变化。此外，Landsat数据的时间序列分析以及基于InSAR评估的变形分析将捕获长期变化。当地的地表水文和活动层内的水文也将作为地表和地下水文之间的另一个联系进行调查和建模。三维地球物理、遥感方法、水文模型和各种原位数据集的结合方法将允许对平果的内部结构进行详细调查，同时探索地表和地下过程之间的复杂相互作用。综合包括识别影响地表和地下条件的变量以及地表和地下参数之间的任何相互作用。整体方法将使开发改进的pingo成因概念三维模型能够解释北极地质系统中发生的低温水文地质过程。这些过程是平果生命周期的基本要素，但在其他北极永久冻土景观中也很重要。基于这些发现，可以开发未来冻土动态及其对地形影响的特定地点情景。此外，基于综合方法的预期结果，该研究的更广泛的科学意义在于能够建立最佳实践，以调查永久冻土区的未冻土层，并更好地了解复杂的永久冻土区水文。

Pingos are one of the most important landforms in the Arctic and are key features of polar permafrost landscapes. They are sensitive to changing climatic and hydrological conditions, which is why their spatial distribution is likely to change significantly in the course of current global warming. This is due to higher temperatures but also to changing permafrost hydrology, which plays an essential role during formation, but also during decay of pingos. The project aims to gain new insights into the internal structure of open- and closed-system pingos and their genesis by using a combined approach of three-dimensional geophysical measurements and various in-situ data. Possible interactions between surface and subsurface properties are the main focus. Geoelectrics, induced polarisation, georadar and potentially electromagnetic will be used to perform the three-dimensional geophysical investigations, as they allow a high-resolution characterization of the near-surface subsurface as well as a good delineation between frozen and unfrozen areas. In addition, surface temperature loggers and several boreholes will be used to investigate the spatiotemporal variability of the thermal regime. Surface parameters include various topographic features such as vegetation type and height. These surface parameters will be determined using high-resolution, drone-based terrain models and orthophotos and examined for changes over the course of the project. Long-term changes will be additionally captured by a time series analysis of Landsat data as well as a deformation analysis based on an InSAR evaluation. Local surface hydrology and hydrology within the active layer will also be investigated and modelled as another link between surface and subsurface hydrology. The combined approach of three-dimensional geophysics, remote sensing methods, hydrological modelling and various in situ datasets will allow detailed investigation of the internal structures of pingos while exploring the complex interactions between surface and subsurface processes. The synthesis includes the identification of variables influencing surface and subsurface conditions and any interactions between surface and subsurface parameters. The holistic approach will enable the development of improved conceptual 3D models of pingo genesis to explain the cryo-hydrogeologic processes that occur in Arctic geosystems. These processes are elemental to the life cycle of pingos, but are also important in other Arctic permafrost landscapes. Based on these findings, site-specific scenarios for future permafrost dynamics and their impacts on landforms can be developed. In addition, based on the expected results of the combined methodological approach, the broader scientific significance of the study lies in the ability to establish best-practices for investigating zones of unfrozen ground in permafrost regions and to better understand the complex permafrost hydrology.