Enhancing functional interpretations of shoulder morphology: an investigation of the range of motion and biomechanical capacity of the hominoid shoulder complex

增强肩部形态的功能解释：对类人猿肩部复合体的运动范围和生物力学能力的研究

• 批准号: 517064266
• 负责人: Julia van Beesel
• 金额: --
• 依托单位: Department of Development and Regeneration
• 依托单位国家: 德国
• 项目类别: WBP Fellowship
• 资助国家: 德国
• 项目状态: 未结题
• 来源: https://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/projekt/517064266?language=en
• 关键词: Enhancing; functional; interpretations; shoulder; morphology

Introduction. The scapulae (shoulder blades) of apes (excluding humans) display considerable morphological differences compared to those of humans. These long known differences are well documented. Traditionally, ape-specific scapular morphology is understood as an adaptation to the arboreal habitat (climbing and suspensory locomotion), which was lost during the course of human evolution. However, this understanding is based on mere correlations of similar scapular morphologies and locomotor behaviours, while evidence for the functional advantage of the ape scapula is missing. As a result, current functional interpretations of (fossil) scapulae are based on assumptions; a tool for evidence-based interpretation is non-existent. Objectives. The aim of this project is to determine the effect of different shoulder morphologies on forelimb function within the Hominoidea (humans and apes), which will provide insight into the adaptation of the shoulder to different locomotor behaviours. In humans, the well-documented shoulder mechanism consists of a complicated interaction of all joints during arm raising and lowering. However, in apes, the contribution of the individual joints is currently unknown. The missing information on scapulothoracic movement (the gliding of the scapula across the thorax) is particularly problematic, as without knowing which scapular movements are necessary for apes to lift their arm, an investigation of the biomechanical properties of different shoulder anatomies is impossible. Work programme. As a first step, this project will investigate the shoulder mechanism and the range of motion of the individual joints in the shoulder girdle of two arboreal apes (gibbons and chimpanzees). This is addressed using state-of-the-art marker-based videography. The experiments take place post mortem; the upper arms of the apes are passively moved through their full range of motion, while the position of the individual bones is recorded via the markers. The marker data is used to investigate the range of motion of the individual elements and the contribution of each joint towards the overall shoulder mechanism. As a second step, the biomechanical properties of anatomically different shoulders will be investigated using musculoskeletal modelling. Firstly, a gibbon and a chimpanzee shoulder model will be developed. Together with already existing models of a gorilla and a human, these models will be used to evaluate and compare the biomechanical capacities of the shoulder muscles. The comparison of the capacities of different species together with the knowledge of the species-specific shoulder mechanism will allow us to enhance our understanding of the biomechanical effect of different shoulder anatomies.

介绍。与人类相比，猿类（不包括人类）的肩胛骨（肩胛骨）表现出相当大的形态差异。这些众所周知的差异是有据可查的。传统上，猿类特有的肩胛骨形态被理解为对树木栖息地（攀爬和悬吊运动）的适应，这种适应在人类进化过程中丢失了。然而，这种理解仅仅是基于相似的肩胛骨形态和运动行为的相关性，而类人猿肩胛骨功能优势的证据缺失。因此，目前对（化石）肩胛骨的功能解释是基于假设；不存在以证据为基础的解释工具。目标。该项目的目的是确定不同肩部形态对人科动物（人类和类人猿）前肢功能的影响，这将为了解肩部对不同运动行为的适应提供见解。在人类中，有充分记录的肩部机制包括手臂升降过程中所有关节的复杂相互作用。然而，在类人猿中，单个关节的作用目前尚不清楚。关于肩胛骨运动（肩胛骨在胸部的滑动）的信息缺失尤其有问题，因为不知道猿抬起手臂所需要的肩胛骨运动，对不同肩膀解剖结构的生物力学特性的研究是不可能的。工作计划。作为第一步，该项目将研究两种树栖类人猿（长臂猿和黑猩猩）的肩部机制和肩部单个关节的运动范围。这是解决使用最先进的标记为基础的录像。实验在死后进行；猿类的上臂被动地进行全范围运动，而单个骨骼的位置则通过标记记录下来。标记数据用于研究单个元素的运动范围和每个关节对整体肩部机制的贡献。作为第二步，将使用肌肉骨骼模型研究解剖学上不同肩膀的生物力学特性。首先，将开发长臂猿和黑猩猩的肩部模型。与现有的大猩猩和人类模型一起，这些模型将用于评估和比较肩部肌肉的生物力学能力。比较不同物种的能力以及物种特异性肩部机制的知识将使我们能够加强对不同肩部解剖结构的生物力学效应的理解。