Social Basis for Voluutary Orgauizatious Active in Disaster : Japan-US Comparison

本研究对日本和美国的灾害志愿组织的活动进行了实地考察和理论分析，并对其社会基础进行了比较。通过比较，本研究不仅分析了灾害志愿者在未来减灾体系中的现实意义，也为未来灾害志愿者研究提出了理论框架。首先，我们继续参与观察阪神大地震后成立的日本赈灾志愿者网络，并撰写了详细的民族志。其次，我们对北岭地震后出现的洛杉矶应急网络（ENLA）进行了采访并收集了文件。我们还研究了ENLA核心成员的生活史，以确定他们参加ENLA的动机。第三，我们提出了一个理论框架，为未来的研究灾害志愿者不仅参考群体动力学，而且从各个相关领域。最后，结合神户地震发生后的灾害现场报道和近年来建立全国性的灾害志愿组织网络的动向，提出了基于日本与美国差异的救灾制度的实践观点，并为未来的灾害志愿研究提供了实践与理论的视角。我们发现，尽管日本和美国之间存在差异，但和平时期当地社区的活动对紧急情况下志愿活动的效率有影响。两国志愿者个体的动机不同，日本有必要建立全国性和地方性的志愿者组织网络。再次证实了群体动力学的框架最适用于灾害志愿者的研究。

The present study conducted fieldwork and theoretical analyses of activities of disaster volunteer organizations both in Japan and in the US, and compared their social basis. According to the comparisons, this study not only analyzed practical significance of disaster volunteers in future disaster mitigation system, but also proposed a theoretical framework for future research in disaster volunteers.First, we continued our participant observation in Nippon Volunteer Network Active in Disaster, which was established after the Great Hanshin Earthquake, and wrote an ethnography in detail. Second, we conducted interviews to and collected documents from the Emergency Network of Los Angeles (ENLA) that emerged after Northridge earthquake. We also studied the life-histories of core members of ENLA to identify their motivations to take part in the ENLA. Third, we proposed a theoretical framework for future study on disaster volunteers by referring not only to group dynamics, but also to various related areas. Finally, by taking into account the reports from the disaster field immediately after the Kobe quake and the recent movement toward establishment of a nation-wide network of disaster volunteer organizations, we presented practical views for the disaster relief system based on the differences between Japan and the US, and a practical and theoretical view for the studies on disaster volunteers in future.We found that, regardless of differences between Japan and the US, activities in local communities during the peace time have impacts on efficiency of volunteer activities in an emergency. Individual volunteers were motivated differently between two countries, it is needed to establish nation-wide and local network among volunteer organizations in Japan. It was reconfirmed that the framework of group dynamics could be most applicable to the research in disaster volunteers.