Developmental tendencies of meta-communication ability in pretend play.

本研究探讨了正常儿童和智障儿童在假装游戏中元沟通能力的发展趋势。对东京和京都地区的正常学龄前儿童进行了观察和录像。然后对他们的游戏对话进行分析，得到以下结果。1. 年龄较大的孩子比年龄较小的孩子产生更多的游戏情节和命题。2. <帧内话语(Serifu)>在年龄较大的儿童中比在年龄较小的儿童中更常见。3. 在<框架内-话语>中，年龄较大的儿童比年龄较小的儿童更常发生转折（定义为对先前说话者建立的想法提供新想法的话语）。4. 在京都地区，随着年龄的增长，在<框架内话语>中说<标准语言>的倾向变得更加明显。5. 与年幼的孩子相比，年龄较大的孩子比年幼的孩子更常观察到玩偶的附加代理质量（操纵玩偶，就好像它有自己的思想一样）。在残疾儿童中心，我们观察到弱智儿童模仿护士是伪装的先兆。与唐氏综合症儿童相比，孤独症儿童的模仿行为很少被观察到。这一现象被解释为在异型儿童中很少出现假语。

The present investigation explored developmental tendencies of meta-communication abilities in pretend play in normal and mentally retarded children. The normal preschool children in Tokyo and Kyoto areas were observed and video recorded their pretend play. Then their play conversations were analyzed the following results were obtained. 1. The older children produced more play episodes and propositions than younger children. 2. <Wihin-frame-utterance (Serifu)> were observed more often in the older children than in the younger children. 3. Turnabout (defined as utterance that provide a new idea to an idea established by previous speaker) in <within-frame-utterance> occured more often in the older children than in the younger children. 4. In Kyoto area, a tendency to say <the standard language> in <within-frame-utterance> became more salient along with age. 5. Attaching agent quality to a doll (manipulate a doll as if it has it's own mind) was observed more often in the older children than in the younger children.About mentally retarded children, imitating the nurse as a precursor of pretense were obverved in the center for handicapped children. Compared to the children with Down's syndrome, imitation behavior in outistic children were seldom observed. This phenomenon was interpreted in terms of rear occurrence of pretese in outistic children.