Developmental tendencies of meta-communication ability in pretend play.

本研究探讨了正常儿童和弱智儿童在假装游戏中元交流能力的发展趋势。对东京和京都地区的正常学龄前儿童进行了观察，并拍摄了他们的假装游戏。然后对他们的游戏对话进行了分析，得到了以下结果。1.年龄较大的儿童比年龄较小的儿童产生更多的游戏情节和命题。2.较大的儿童比较小的儿童更容易观察到无框架话语。3.框架内话语的转换(定义为为先前说话者确立的观念提供新观念的话语)在年龄较大的儿童中比在较小的儿童中发生得更频繁。4.在京都地区，随着年龄的增长，在框架内话语中说标准语的倾向更加突出。5.年龄较大的儿童比年龄较小的儿童更容易观察到将药剂附着在玩偶上(操纵玩偶，好像它有自己的想法)。在残疾儿童中心，观察到智力低下儿童模仿护士作为伪装的先兆。与唐氏综合征儿童相比，外向儿童的模仿行为较少观察到。这一现象被解释为自命不凡的儿童出现在后方。

The present investigation explored developmental tendencies of meta-communication abilities in pretend play in normal and mentally retarded children. The normal preschool children in Tokyo and Kyoto areas were observed and video recorded their pretend play. Then their play conversations were analyzed the following results were obtained. 1. The older children produced more play episodes and propositions than younger children. 2. <Wihin-frame-utterance (Serifu)> were observed more often in the older children than in the younger children. 3. Turnabout (defined as utterance that provide a new idea to an idea established by previous speaker) in <within-frame-utterance> occured more often in the older children than in the younger children. 4. In Kyoto area, a tendency to say <the standard language> in <within-frame-utterance> became more salient along with age. 5. Attaching agent quality to a doll (manipulate a doll as if it has it's own mind) was observed more often in the older children than in the younger children.About mentally retarded children, imitating the nurse as a precursor of pretense were obverved in the center for handicapped children. Compared to the children with Down's syndrome, imitation behavior in outistic children were seldom observed. This phenomenon was interpreted in terms of rear occurrence of pretese in outistic children.