Comparative study of International Arbitration and similar institutions

本研究的目的是分析与仲裁相关的各种制度，以便界定仲裁庭在决策过程中的作用。从理论上讲，仅针对事实问题并以专门的技术知识为基础的专门知识与仲裁有明显区别，但实际上，这两个领域经常混淆。此外，在当今的国际合同实践中，有时也会出现与法院或仲裁程序完全分离的所谓“独立专家”的专门知识。我们的第一项研究的目的在于比较各种欧洲制度，例如，法国的“不可撤销的专业知识”，比利时的“和蔼的专业知识”，德国和瑞士的“Scheidsgutachten”，意大利的“仲裁员不受仲裁”，这些制度彼此相似，但又有所不同。因此，根据各大陆国家的司法先例，我们将这些制度划分为六个主题，并找到了区分专业知识与仲裁的标准的关键，也就是说，无论对当事人具有最终约束力的解决争端的手段赋予何种特征，都必须被视为仲裁。研究的第二个结果告诉我们，调解、和解和交易这些非司法机制的缺陷是相互弥补的，因此我们可以将它们等同于“国家法院的判决”，提供司法依据。综上所述，仲裁的“管辖权化”是私法在新世纪应该实现的目标。

It is the purpose of this study to analyze diverse institutions adjacent to the arbitration so as to delimit the role of arbitral tribunals in the decision-making process. Theoretically, the expertise, only for factual questions and based on exclusively technical knowledge, is clearly distinguished from the arbitration, but, pratically, the two domains are so often confused. In these days, moreover, the expertise so called "expert independant", definitely separate from the court or arbitration proceeding, is sometimes available in the international contract practice.The aim of our first study consists in comparing the various european systems, e.g., "expertise irrevocable" in France, "expertise amiable" in Belgium, "Scheidsgutachten" in Germany and Switzerland, "arbitrato irrituale o arbitraggio" in Italy, which resemble each other, but somewhat different. Thus, according to the judicial precedent in each continental States, we classify these many systems under six topics and find a key to the criterion which divides expertise from arbitration, that is to say, whatever characterization may be given a means of resolving disputes with final and binding force on the parties must be considered as arbitration.The second result of study teachs us that the mediaiton, conciliation and transaction, all these non-judicial mechanisms make their defects up mutually, so that we can equate them with "judgement by State court", providing res iudicata.In conclusion, it is to the "juridictionalisation" of arbitration which the private judicial law should attain in the coming Century.