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Fossilization and an approach to phylogeny

化石和系统发育方法

基本信息

批准号：
60304014
负责人：
AKIYAMA Masahiko
金额：
$ 5.57万
依托单位：
Hokkaido University
依托单位国家：
日本
项目类别：
Grant-in-Aid for Co-operative Research (A)
财政年份：
1985
资助国家：
日本
起止时间：
1985 至 1986
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-60304014/
关键词：
Fossilization diagenesis apatite fossil carbonate fossil 系統発生

项目摘要

1. Total amounts of organic carbon produced by organisms through geologic time are estimated at 1.4-8.1 X <10^(25)> g. Total species which appeared on the earth throughout geologic time are also estimated at 0.9-5.7 X <10^8> . Both values suggest an order of <10^3> times more than the organic carbon preserved in whole sedimentary rocks and also the fossil species which have hitherto reported.2. Controlling factors of fossilization are (1) accumulation, (2) fossilization in a narrow sense, and (3) preservation. The most important factor is how large the population is, which is included in the accumulation factor. In this co-operative research, however, has been focused on fossilization in a narrow sense.3. Hydroxyapatite [ <Ca_5> ( <PO_4> <)_3> OH] is the main component of vertebrate hard tissues. This mineral has a low solubility of 0.01 mg/l in neutral water, which is the reason why the vertebrate fossil of hydroxyapatite are apt to be preserved as fossils. A Late Pleistocene fossil tusk collected from the sea bottom off Hinomisaki, Shimane Pref. contains well preserved collagen molecules. Diagenetic alteration and variation are discussed from the viewpoints of microscopic, histochemical, biochemical and mineralogical observation.4. Calcite ( <CaCO_3> ) is the representative mineral species in carbonate fossils. This mineral has a high solubility of 1g/1 in <CO_2> -saturated water. For this reason carbonate fossils are easily replaced or impregnated by other minerals. Replacement by siderite usually occurs in fresh-water sediments. Fossilization processes on molluscan and coral fossils were discussed.

1.生物体在整个地质时期产生的有机碳总量估计为1.4-8.1X&lt；10^(25)；在整个地质时期出现在地球上的物种总数也估计为0.9-5.7X&lt；10^8&gt；这两个数值表明，它们比整个沉积岩中保存的有机碳以及迄今已报道的化石物种高出10^3&gt；倍。控制僵化的因素有：(1)积累；(2)狭义僵化；(3)保存。最重要的因素是人口有多大，这是计入积累因素的。然而，在这一合作研究中，人们一直专注于狭义上的石化。羟基磷灰石[&lt；Ca5&gt；(&lt；PO4&gt；&lt；)3&gt；OH]是脊椎动物硬组织的主要成分。这种矿物在中性水中的溶解度很低，仅为0.01 mg/L，这就是为什么脊椎动物化石羟基磷灰石容易作为化石保存的原因。晚更新世的象牙化石，采集自岛根县Hinomisaki附近的海底。含有保存完好的胶原蛋白分子。从显微、组织化学、生化和矿物学观察等方面讨论了成岩蚀变和成岩变异。方解石(&lt；CaCO3&gt；)是碳酸盐化石中具有代表性的矿物种类。该矿物在饱和水中的溶解度高达1g/1。出于这个原因，碳酸盐化石很容易被其他矿物取代或浸染。菱铁矿的交代通常发生在淡水沉积物中。讨论了软体动物化石和珊瑚化石的石化过程。