Reproductions and Anaylses of the Old Phonograph and Pbotograph Materials on the Ethnic Groups in Japan, Formosa, and the Philippines

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The project has twofold objects: (1) to develop new optical instruments for reproducing the sound from old wax phonograph cylinders and metalic disks, and (2) to indentify and analyze the contents recorded in those cylinders/records as well as those in old movie films and photographs.The contacting stylus instruments were constructed to reproduce the sound from old wax phonograph cylinders and old disk records. Also, the noncontacting laser-beam reflection method and the noncontacting laser-beam diffraction method were newly developed to reproduce the sounds, respectively, from old wax cylinders and old disk records. Removal of the noise from the reproduced sound was investigated.Materials used are as follows: (i) about 240 wax phonograph cylinders recorded by Takeshi Kitasato in early 1920's in Sakhalin, Hokkaido, Ryukyu, Formosa, and the Philippines; (ii) about 160 ebonite and metalic disks produced by Erin Asai in Formosa in 1930's, (iii) 28 movie films and a large quantity of photograph films taken by E. Asai in 1920's to 1930's mostly in Formosa.It was revealed that out of the 240 wax cylinders, 69 are of Formosan nativetribes, 54 of the Philippines, 53 of Ryukyu and other Japanese dialects, 18 of Ainu, one Guilyak, and one of Orok. Although the cylinders have been stored in relatively good shape, it turned out that (1) even a native speaker had a great difficulty in catching the voice recorded; (2) ethnomusicological studies, however, would be possible.More than half of the disks are recorded with songs and stories of the sincized native populations in Formosa, which have become extinct since then, and thus the materials here recorded are the only data left for them. Many films reproduced have been identified that hey are also of the now extinct sinicized native peoples and of the Li in Hainan-tao, and thus will be of great value for the ethnological studies in these areas.