Multidirectional analysis of interaction mechanisms between neurons and glias

我们澄清，虽然部分，详细的机制，神经元和胶质细胞的功能在不同的方面，无论是在发展期间和之后的补充。调查分为以下三类。1.细胞成分和代谢的特征：未分化的动物如软体动物显示不含神经节苷脂，其被认为参与神经功能。我们发现酸性鞘糖脂在功能上取代了神经节苷脂，并确定了详细的化学结构（佐竹）。通过使用神经递质合成酶的超微测定，我们阐明了分化的神经元对激素和其他类似试剂的反应（Kato，T.）。免疫化学技术使我们能够确定S-100蛋白的分布、浓度波动和释放的精确模式，并推断其在神经系统中的功能意义（Kato， 关于我们 K）. 2.通过蛋白质因子的细胞间相互作用：我们确定了神经母细胞瘤细胞产生的胶质细胞生长抑制因子和正常成胶质细胞（Tanaka）产生的神经母细胞瘤生长抑制因子的理化和生物学特性。还鉴定了鸡胚睫状神经节的轴突生长因子及其受体的特性（三木）。虽然神经生长因子被认为可以诱导周围神经元的延伸，但我们发现该因子可以激活特定的中枢神经元并支持它们的存活（Hatanaka）。中枢神经系统的复合功能：我们研究了促甲状腺激素释放激素对大脑各种核团的作用，基于神经元活动与酪氨酸羟化酶的活动平行的事实，酪氨酸羟化酶是儿茶酚胺合成系统的限速酶。发现激素诱导酶，动物活动的增加是由于黑质-纹状体系统（内村）中多巴胺神经元活动的增强。少

We clarified, though partly, the detailed mechanisms by which the neurons and glias function in a complementary manner in varied aspects both during and after the developing period. The investigation is divided into the following three categories.1. Characteristics of cell components and metabolism: Undifferentiated animals such as mollusca was shown to contain no ganglilosides, which are considered to be involved in the nervous function. We found that the acidic sphingoglycolipids replace functionally the gangliosides and identified the detailed chemical structures (Satake). By the use of ultramicro-determination of the synthesis enzymes for neurotransmitters, we clarified the responses of differentiated neurons to hormones and other similar agents (Kato, T.). The immunochemical techniques enabled us to determine the precise pattern of the distribution, the concentration fluctuation, and the release of S-100 protein and to infer its functional significance in the nervous system (Kato, … More K).2. Intercellular interaction by proteinateous factors: We determined the physicochemical and biological characteristics both of glial growth inhibitory factor produced by neuroblastoma cells and of neuroblastoma growth inhibitory factor by normal glioblasts (Tanaka). The characteristics of neurite outgrowth factor for ciliary ganglion of chick embryo and its receptor were also identified (Miki). Although nerve growth factor has been believed to induce the extension of peripheral neurons, we showed that the factor activates specific central neurons and supports their survival (Hatanaka).3. Composite function of central nervous system: We investigated the action of thyroid-stimulating hormone- releasing hormone on the various nuclei of the brain, based on the fact that the neuronal activity parallels the activity of tyrosine hydroxylase that is the rate-limiting enzyme of the catecholamine synthesis system. The hormone was found to induce the enzyme, and the increase in animal activity to be due to the enhancement of the dopamine neuron activity in the substantia nigra-striatum system (Uchimura). Less