Urban Structure and the Characteristics of the Urban Dwellers in the Periods of Spring Autumn, Warring States and Chin-Han

在以战国为中心的时代，城市的爆炸性发展可以通过城市遗址和历史文献来证实。但是，关于城市的发展存在两种相反的观点。一个更重视经济因素，而另一个则认为政治和军事因素更重要。根据考古学的最新发展，对那个时代城市废墟的规模和分布进行了研究，澄清了这些城市存在地区偏见。在中原地区，以河南省***和山西省南部*** **为中心，大城市密集集中。与此相比，中原地区以外的城市，除首都外，分布和规模都不大。这种趋势可以通过参考历史文献、考古表意文字资料等加以证实。此外，这种地区差异在很大程度上与城市本身的性质有关。在中原地区城市的发展中，强烈的经济因素是显而易见的。独立的显著倾向也很明显。相反，外围地区的城市总体上较不发达，并表现出强烈的权力集中趋势。基于城市地域特征的这种差异，有必要厘清战国民族和汉朝帝国的性格和命运。特别是汉帝国表现出强烈的允许城市经济发展的倾向。中央集权的官僚体制受到中原地区城市的严格监管。也就是说，如果没有该地区城市的影响，就无法理解汉人官僚的独立倾向。在此之后，当我们研究汉朝帝国的问题时，我们必须重视城市与官僚之间的关系。少

In the times, centered in the Warring States period,the explosive development of cities can be confirmed by reference to the ruins of the cities and historical literature. But, two opposing views exist regarding that development of cities. One attaches greater importance to economic factors while the other considers political and military factors to be more important. A study, based on recent developments in archeology, of the scale and distribution of the ruins of the cities of that times, has clarified the existence of a regional bias regarding these cities. In the Central Plains ** region, centered on Henan province *** and South Shanxi province ***, there was a dense concentration of huge cities. Compared with this, the distribution and scale of cities outside the Central Plains region, with the exception of the national capital, were not so great. This kind of trend can be confirmed by reference to historical literature, archaeological ideographic material etc. Furthermore, this k … More ind of regional difference is largely concerned with the nature of cities themselves. In the development of the cities in the Central Plains region, a strong economic element is clearly evident. A remarkable inclination towards independence is also evident. On the contrary, the cities in the outlying region were, as a rule, less developed and showed a strong tendency towards centralization of power. There is a need to clarify the character and destiny of "Warring State" nations and the Chin * and Han * empires based on this kind of difference in the regional character of the cities. Especially, the Han empire showed a strong tendency to permit the economical development of cities. And that centralized bureaucracy was strongly regulated by the cities of the Central Plains region. Namely, the tendency towards independence of the Han bureaucrats cannot be understood without the influence of the cities in that region. After this, when we study the problem of the Chin and Han empires, we must make much of the relation between the cities and the bureaucracy. Less