A study of cancer incidence and age at immigration among Japanese and whites in the United States

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Using age-adjusted incidence rates and proportional incidence ratios, the risks of prostate cancer and breast cancer in two race-ethnicity groups -- Spanish surnamed whites and Japanese -- were studied in Los Angeles County native residents and compared with those in immigrants and representative "homeland" populations. Prostate cancer rates of immigrants were similar to those of US born in the Spanish surnamed white and Japanese populations, regardless of age at immigration. When migration occurred later in life, rates for breast cancer were substantially lower than when migration occurred early; they were still much higher than in the homeland populations. These findings suggest that environmental factors in childhood are especially important in the etiology of breast cancer and that later life events can substantially impact the likelihood of developing clinically detectable prostate cancer.