The Transformation of the Typological Tradition in H. D. Thoreau

这个项目的目的是研究亨利·大卫·梭罗对美国自然的解释中类型学传统的转变。研究分以下几个阶段进行。首先，我研究了梭罗对自然的类型学观点与他同时代的英国浪漫主义者的对比，特别关注他们对鸟类意象的独特处理。瓦尔登湖的鸟类是梭罗实现自然千年的重要工具之一。在第二阶段，我检查了梭罗晚年的最后一份手稿，名为《自然笔记》，其中包括《种子的散布》。在这篇手稿中，他建立了一种诗意而又科学的自然观，从传统的神学对自然的解释转变而来。在这个过程中，我指出了达尔文的《物种起源》（1859）对梭罗的影响，梭罗坚持不懈地对康科德的森林树木进行调查，并写下了他的各种观察结果。最后，我得出的结论是，在晚年，梭罗在他与奴隶制问题的斗争中，主要是关于约翰·布朗，以及在大量的自然史著作中，对美国历史和自然形成了一种生态的观点。梭罗作为废奴主义者的社会活动被解释为与他晚年对自然的参与完全无关。然而，这个项目提出了社会主义者梭罗和自然主义者梭罗在他关于美国历史和自然的开创性生态思想之间存在内在联系的假设。

The aim of this project was a study of the transformation of th typological tradition in Henry David Thoreau's interpretation of American Nature. The study proceeded in the following stages.First, I investigated Thoreau's typological point of view towards nature contrasted with that of his contemporaries, the British Romantics, especially focusing on their characteristic treatments of the imagery of birds. Birds in Walden was one of the most important instrument to realize natural millennium in Thoreau.In the second stage, I examined Thoreau's last manuscript in his last years, called "Nature Notes" including "The Dispersion of Seeds." In this manuscript, he established the poetic and yet scientific point of view towards nature transformed from the traditional theological interpretation of nautre. In the process, I pointed out the influence of Charles Darwin's The Origin of Species (1859) on Thoreau in his persevering investigation and writing his various observations on the forest trees in Concord.Finally, I have concluded that in his late years Thoreau has reached an ecological point of view towards American history and nature in his struggle with the slavery problem, mainly concerning John Brown, and in voluminous writing on natural history. Thoreau's social activities as an abolitionist have been interpreted as completely unrelated to his involvement with nature in his last years. However, this project proposed the assumption of an inner connection between the socialist Thoreau and the naturalist Thoreau in his pioneering ecological ideas about American history and nature.