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Research on the Seafarers' Problems in the Japanese Coastal Shipping

日本沿海航运海员问题研究

基本信息

批准号：
01530061
负责人：
ODA Masao
金额：
$ 0.96万
依托单位：
Tokyo University of Mercantile Marine
依托单位国家：
日本
项目类别：
Grant-in-Aid for General Scientific Research (C)
财政年份：
1989
资助国家：
日本
起止时间：
1989 至 1990
项目状态：
已结题

项目摘要

In Japan, the greater part of domestic cargo transportation in terms of tonkilo-meters is roughly evenly shared by trucking and coastal shipping. Having the advantages of being able to carry large quantities of goods over long distances, coastal shipping accounts for an overwhelming share of the transportation of key industrial materials, such as oil products, nonmetallic minerals, cement and coal. Since late 1987, the demand for coastal shipping has been on the increase, reflecting growing business activities under the government policy to expand domestic demand.As a result of general research, it was identified that the working conditions of seafarers, such as wage rates, working hours and paid holidays in Japanese coastal ships have been considerably inferior to general workers in many other land-based-industries, and Japanese coastal ships present little appeal to seafarers. Because of these working conditions differentials, the Japanese coastal shipping industry has been confronted with critical difficulties of recruitng and serious situation of seafarers shortage.The present circumstances had been caused by "blanket-contract and subcontract system" which has brought about the business connection of master-and-servant relationship in the Japanese coastal shipping industry. In such circumstances, subcontractors can not have dealings with blanket-contractors on an equal footing. Moreover, a matter in question is the fact that many major coastal transport operators who make blanket-contracts with shippers are subsidiary companies of shippers. Because of such relationship, shippers are always in a powerful position to negotiate with coastal transport operators and can force them to accept their demand.

在日本，以吨公里计，国内货物运输的大部分大致由卡车运输和沿海航运平分秋色。沿海航运具有能够长距离运输大量货物的优势，在石油产品、非金属矿物、水泥和煤炭等关键工业材料的运输中占压倒性的份额。从1987年后期开始，由于政府扩大内需的政策，对沿海航运的需求不断增加。根据一般调查，日本沿海船舶上海员的工作条件，如工资率、工作时间和带薪假期，与许多其他陆上产业的一般工人相比，都有很大的差距。日本的沿海船只对海员没有什么吸引力。由于这些工作条件的差异，日本沿海航运业面临着严重的招聘困难和船员短缺的严重局面。目前的情况是由日本沿海航运业的“一揽子合同和分包制度”造成的，这种制度带来了主仆关系的业务联系。在这种情况下，分包商不能与总承包商平等地打交道。此外，一个问题是，许多与托运人订立一揽子合同的主要沿海运输经营人是托运人的子公司。由于这种关系，托运人在与沿海运输经营人谈判时总是处于强有力的地位，可以迫使他们接受他们的要求。