A Research Project on Structural Transformation of Terrace-based Village Communities in Asia : An Interdisciplinary Approach

在这个项目中，我们调查了印度尼西亚巴厘岛的两个梯田村庄，1)巴厘岛原始灌溉组织Subak和其他村民习惯组织的功能，2)农业生产和农业经济的情况。其结果如下：图瓦村苏巴的子结构被称为Tempeks。我们在巴厘岛中南部的图瓦村找到了tempek Guyang和tempek Puseh。这两个Tempeks之间有一些对比的特点。与Tempek Guyang相比，Tempek Puseh缺水。而天佩浦塞的入市人数要比天佩固阳大得多。此外，Tempek Puseh的每个成员都有义务对每个地块的排水点负责。我们可以证明，Subaks/Tempeks与行政村或其他农村习惯组织之间没有直接的交流。“加代”土地借贷制度的扩大和大量移民到其他岛屿等现象表明，自20世纪70年代以来，这个村庄的农民分化已经发展起来。原因是家庭现金支出的增加，特别是教育支出，以及引进经济作物，咖啡或某种水果。(2) Asak村我们调查了位于巴厘岛东南部Asak村的Subak Umakahanang。与图瓦村的苏巴克相比，这个苏巴克供水充足。因此，该小组没有制定关于水分配方式的规定。1978年，这个村子引进了Paddy hyv。水稻-水稻-旱作的新种植模式开始采用，生产得到发展。

In this project, we investigated two terrace-based villages in Bali Island, Indonesia as to 1) the functions of Subak, original irrigation organization of Bali Island, and of other customary organizations of villagers, 2) the situation of farm production and farm economies.The result of them are as follows.(1) Tuwa VillageSubaks have their substructures called Tempeks. We picked up tempek Guyang and Tempek Puseh in Tuwa Village located middle-south of Bali Island. There are some contrastive characteristics between these two Tempeks. Tempek Puseh is deficient in water supply in contrast to Tempek Guyang. And the number of intakes in Tempek Puseh is much larger than Tempek Guyang. Furthermore, every members of Tempek Puseh have a obligation as to the points of drainage of every plot.We could certify that there is not direct interchange between Subaks/Tempeks and administative villages or other customary rural organizations.Such phenomena as expansion of the land borrowing system called 'gadai' and emigrants in large number to other islands indicate that differentiation of farmers in this village has been developed since 1970's. The reasons are increase of cash household expense, especially expenditure for education, and introduction of cash crop, coffee or some kind of fruits.(2) Asak VillageWe investigated Subak Umakahanang in Asak Village located south-east of Bali Island. As compared with Subaks in Tuwa Village, this Subak is abundant in water supply. Accordingly this subak prepared no regulations as to the way of water distribution.Paddy HYVs were introduced in this village in 1978. New cropping pattern, paddy-paddy-upland crop, began to adopted and production has since developed.