A Research Project on Structural Transformation of Terrace-based Village Communities in Asia : An Interdisciplinary Approach

亚洲梯田乡村社区结构转型研究项目：跨学科方法

• 批准号: 02041020
• 负责人: IMAMURA Naraomi
• 金额: $ 1.92万
• 依托单位: Tokyo University
• 依托单位国家: 日本
• 项目类别: Grant-in-Aid for international Scientific Research
• 财政年份: 1990
• 资助国家: 日本
• 起止时间: 1990 至 无数据
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-02041020/
• 关键词: Subak; Irrigation Organization; Asian Rice-farming Society; Southeast Asian Rural Community; 東南アジア農村社会

In this project, we investigated two terrace-based villages in Bali Island, Indonesia as to 1) the functions of Subak, original irrigation organization of Bali Island, and of other customary organizations of villagers, 2) the situation of farm production and farm economies.The result of them are as follows.(1) Tuwa VillageSubaks have their substructures called Tempeks. We picked up tempek Guyang and Tempek Puseh in Tuwa Village located middle-south of Bali Island. There are some contrastive characteristics between these two Tempeks. Tempek Puseh is deficient in water supply in contrast to Tempek Guyang. And the number of intakes in Tempek Puseh is much larger than Tempek Guyang. Furthermore, every members of Tempek Puseh have a obligation as to the points of drainage of every plot.We could certify that there is not direct interchange between Subaks/Tempeks and administative villages or other customary rural organizations.Such phenomena as expansion of the land borrowing system called 'gadai' and emigrants in large number to other islands indicate that differentiation of farmers in this village has been developed since 1970's. The reasons are increase of cash household expense, especially expenditure for education, and introduction of cash crop, coffee or some kind of fruits.(2) Asak VillageWe investigated Subak Umakahanang in Asak Village located south-east of Bali Island. As compared with Subaks in Tuwa Village, this Subak is abundant in water supply. Accordingly this subak prepared no regulations as to the way of water distribution.Paddy HYVs were introduced in this village in 1978. New cropping pattern, paddy-paddy-upland crop, began to adopted and production has since developed.

本研究以印尼巴厘岛两个梯田村落为研究对象，调查了巴厘岛原有的灌溉组织苏巴克（Subak）和其他村民习惯组织的功能，以及农业生产和农业经济状况。(1)图瓦村Subaks有他们的子结构称为Tempeks。我们在巴厘岛中南部的土瓦村找到了Tempek Guyang和Tempek Puseh。这两个Tempeks之间有一些对比特征。与Tempek Guyang相比，Tempek Puseh供水不足。Tempek Puseh的摄入量远远大于Tempek Guyang。此外，委员会认为，Tempek Puseh的每个成员都有义务对每个地块的排水点负责。我们可以证明Subaks/Tempeks和行政村或其他传统的农村组织。诸如被称为“gadai”的土地借贷制度的扩大和大量移民到其他岛屿等现象表明，该村农民的分化自1990年以来已经发展。70年代原因是家庭现金支出增加，特别是教育支出，以及引进经济作物、咖啡或某种水果。(2)Asak Village我们调查了位于巴厘岛东南部Asak Village的Subak Umakahanang。与土瓦村的苏巴克相比，这个苏巴克供水充足。因此，这个subak没有制定任何关于水分配方式的规定。1978年，这个村庄引进了水稻HYV。开始采用水旱轮作的新种植模式，生产得到发展。