International Comparative Research of Agricultural Policy Reform

(SY.encircled1。[1]整个世界农产品市场面临着相对过剩的局面。然而，有些国家有盈余的问题，有些国家有赤字的问题。因此，根据各国所面临的问题，各国农业政策改革的主体是不同的。[5]西方发达国家一直面临着由于增加农产品的政策而造成的农产品过剩问题。这些政策在20世纪70年代初主要是作为应对粮食危机的措施而采取的。伴随农产品增加政策而来的价格支持政策导致了低增长经济时代的财政困难。欧盟和美国一直在采取所谓的“脱钩”新政策，切断了农民的生产政策和收入政策的联系。但这些国家一直在加强对农产品的补贴政策，以赢得农产品出口的竞争，他们尚未就在关贸总协定谈判中制定农产品国际贸易的新规则达成一致。[5]大多数社会主义国家通过确保绝对需要的食物供应已经克服了饥饿问题。但这些国家一直饱受相对饥饿之苦。由于这些国家已经达到较高的收入水平，对肉类和奶制品的需求也在逐渐增加，而它们又面临饲料谷物的短缺。由于外货不足，他们无法进口足够的饲料。因此，他们有望改革农业结构，增加农产品。在这种情况下，中苏两国一直在努力推进农业政策改革。[]日本从1987年开始也一直在推进农业政策改革，主要是为了改善财政困难。改革的主体是农产品进口政策的调整、食品管制政策的调整、生产管制政策的调整和农业结构政策的调整。日本的粮食自给率最低，而西方世界其他发达国家的粮食自给率很高。因此，像日本这样自给率极低的粮食进口国应该推动农业政策改革，因为支持和维持农业生产的政策是这些国家对人民和世界的未来最重要的问题。少

(]SY.encircled1.[) The world market of farm products as a whole has faced with relative surplus. However, some countries have had problems of surplus and some countries have suffered from problems of deficit. So the subiects of the agricultural policy reform in each country are different according to the problem by which each country has benn confronted.(]SY.encircled2.[) The developed countries of the West World have been confronted by the problem of surplus of farm products which was caused by the policies for increasing farm products. These policies have been mainty adopled as the counter actions against the food crisis in the beginning of 1970's. Price support policies which follow the policies for inceasing farm products have leaded the financial difficulties in the era of lowgrowth-economy. EC and US have been adopting the new policies so called "decoupling" which cut the linkage of production policies and income policies for farmers. But these countries have been strengthening t … More he subsidy policies to win the race of export of farm products and they have not yet reached agreement on making the new rule for the international trade of farm products in GATT negotiations.(]SY.encircled3.[) Most of the socialist countries have overcome the hunger problem by securing the absolutely needed supply of food. But these countries have been suffering from the relative hunger. Because these countries have been achieving the higher income level and the demand for meat and milk products is in creasing gradually and they are confronted by the deficit of feed grain. They are not able to import feed grain enough because of the deficiency of foreign goods. So they are expected to reform the farm structure and to increase farm products. Under these conditions China and USSR have been trying to promote the agricultural policy reform.(]SY.encircled4.[) Japan has also been promoting the agricultural policy reform since 1987 mainly because of improving financial difficulties. The main subjects of reform are the adjustment for import policy of farm products, food conlrolled policy, production controlled policy and farm structure policy. Japan has suffered from the lowest self sufficiency rate of foods against the high rate in other developed countries of the West World. So food importing countries which are confronted by extremely low self sufficiency rate like Japan are expected to promote the agricultural policy reform based on the philosophy that the policy of supporting and maintaining agricultural production is most important issue in these countries for the future of the people and the world. Less