The Historical Study of the Comparative Receptions of Darwinism

在许多国家，对达尔文主义的反应各不相同。我们研究了达尔文主义在中国、英国、德国、法国、俄国和西班牙的接受情况，并特别参考了日本。托马斯·格利克的《达尔文主义的比较接受》在1988年出版的第二版中也没有包括日本和中国。非西方国家是比较研究的重要对象。我们的研究揭示了日本接受达尔文主义的新事实和新方面。我们比较了日本的社会达尔文主义和美国的社会达尔文主义。分析了日本科学共同体的形成及其与达尔文主义的关系，以及日本高等教育中科学史和科学哲学课程的设置。基督教传教士将达尔文主义引入中国，西方科学家在日本发挥了重要作用。我们还揭示了神学家和普通读者对英国达尔文主义的反应，并对德国、法国和西班牙达尔文主义的介绍进行了调查。文章还揭示了俄罗斯形势的一些新方面。我们还考察了人类学家玛丽·道格拉斯的“网格-群体理论”是否适用于我们的研究结果。

The reaction to Darwinism varied in many countries. We studied how Darwinism was received in China, Britain, Germany, France, Russia and Spain with special reference to Japan. The Comparative Reception of Darwinism by Thomas Glick dose not include Japan and China even in its second edition published in 1988. Non-western countries are very important for comparative studies.Our research revealed new facts and aspects concerning reception of Darwinism in Japan. We compared Japanese social Darwinism with American counterpart. Formation of scientific community in Japan and its relation to Darwinism and how history and philosophy of science course in higher education was established are also analyzed. Christian missionaries introduced Darwinism to China while western scientists played important role in Japan.We also revealed how theologians and general readers reacted to Darwinism in Britain and made a survey of introduction of Darwinism in Germany, France and Spain. Some new aspects of Russian situation is also revealed.We also examined whether anthropologist Mary Douglas's " grid-group theory " is applicable to our research results or not.