Influences of "Secret Societies(Freemasonry etc.)"on the German Thought in 18th Century and their Meaning

研究18世纪德国思想，不能不考虑“秘密社团”在其中所起的重要作用。例如，“共济会”从“宗教不宽容”开始，发展到“人性”和“世界主义”。“德国理想主义”的哲学家们对“秘密社团”表现出兴趣是很自然的。尽管康德从未加入过这些社团，但他一生中常常不得不与他们争论。在《柏林论文集》中，康德批判了雅可比和施洛伯等人，他们是当时德国著名的神秘主义共济会成员，而比斯特主编的《柏林论文集》主要是理性共济会成员的堡垒。费希特更直接地关注共济会，有一篇关于他的演讲的报告，“给康斯坦的信”或“共济会哲学”。但由于他的坚持过于理想主义，他的改革没有成功，并引起了大多数成员的反感。不久，他不得不离开“皇家约克”分会，但他相信自己一生都是一名“真正的共济会成员”。不仅是菲特，莱辛和赫德尔也都以“理想化共济会”为目标。这是什么意思？我会找出他们为什么要这样做。

When we study the German Thought in 18th Century, we can never do it without thinking how "Secret Societies"played important parts.For example "Freemasonry" started from "religious intolerance" and came to "humanity"and "cosmopolitanism". It was natural that the philosophers of"German Idealism" had showed interest in "Secret Societies".Though Kant never joined any of these societies, he often had to argue with them all his life. In "Berlinische Monatsschrift" Kant criticized Jacobi and Schlober etc.They were the famous mystical Freemasons in Germany at that time and "Berlinische Monatsschrift" that Biester editted chiefly was the fortress of rational Freemasons. Fichte was more directly concerned with the Freemasonry and there was a report of his lectures ,"letters to Constant" or "Philosophy of Freemasonry".But he didn't succeed in reforming and antagonised most of members, for his insistence was too idealistic.He soon had to leave the lodge "Royal York",but he believed he was a "true Freemason"him-self through his life.Not only Fichte but also Lessing and Herder aimed at "Idealizing of Freemasonry".What does it mean? I'll find why they intended such a thing.