Influences of "Secret Societies(Freemasonry etc.)"on the German Thought in 18th Century and their Meaning

当我们研究18世纪的德国思想时，我们永远不能不思考“秘密社团”是如何发挥重要作用的。例如，“共济会”从“宗教不容忍”发展到“人道”和“世界主义”。自然而然，“德国唯心主义”的哲学家们对“秘密社团”表现出了兴趣。康德虽然从未加入过这些社团中的任何一个，但他终生都要与他们争辩。康德在《伯里尼施月刊》中批评了雅各比和施洛贝尔等人，他们是当时德国著名的神秘主义共济会成员，而比斯特主编的《伯林尼施月刊》则是理性共济会的堡垒。费希特更直接地关注共济会，有一篇关于他演讲的报告，《致常人的信》或《共济会哲学》。但他的改革没有成功，激怒了大多数成员，因为他的坚持太理想化了。他很快不得不离开皇家约克小屋，但他相信自己一生中都是一个真正的共济会会员。不仅费希特，还有莱辛和赫德都致力于将共济会理想化。这意味着什么？我会弄明白他们为什么要做这样的事。

When we study the German Thought in 18th Century, we can never do it without thinking how "Secret Societies"played important parts.For example "Freemasonry" started from "religious intolerance" and came to "humanity"and "cosmopolitanism". It was natural that the philosophers of"German Idealism" had showed interest in "Secret Societies".Though Kant never joined any of these societies, he often had to argue with them all his life. In "Berlinische Monatsschrift" Kant criticized Jacobi and Schlober etc.They were the famous mystical Freemasons in Germany at that time and "Berlinische Monatsschrift" that Biester editted chiefly was the fortress of rational Freemasons. Fichte was more directly concerned with the Freemasonry and there was a report of his lectures ,"letters to Constant" or "Philosophy of Freemasonry".But he didn't succeed in reforming and antagonised most of members, for his insistence was too idealistic.He soon had to leave the lodge "Royal York",but he believed he was a "true Freemason"him-self through his life.Not only Fichte but also Lessing and Herder aimed at "Idealizing of Freemasonry".What does it mean? I'll find why they intended such a thing.