Ecological genetics of pest animals and their evaluation as monitoring animals for environment

褐鼠研究：以核基因编码的蛋白质变异和线粒体DNA(MtDNA)变异为遗传标记，研究棕色暴动野生种群的遗传结构。在丰田市猪圈的一个大鼠群体中，核基因和线粒体基因频率的历时变化表明该群体的基因构成是稳定的。在整个研究期间，群体中Es-2和Es-4基因座的基因之间保持着连锁不平衡，这表明群体刷新是从少数创始人开始的。调查了遗传变异的地理分布，以刻画当地种群之间的遗传分化。核基因在种群内的遗传变异性通常很低，但mtDNA显示出不同的趋势。口岸种群在线粒体DNA上表现为多态，但在猪圈、车站、私人住宅等环境条件下一般为单态。没有显著的相应…线粒体DNA多样性和地理距离之间的关系更大，这可能不仅是老鼠本身迁徙的结果，也是人类迁徙的结果。然而，核基因编码的蛋白质标记物却并非如此。通过对有害动物的遗传评估来监测环境条件可能需要多个合适的遗传标记来阐明与人类活动有关的种群变化。对食蟹猕猴的研究：两个引入猴子种群的案例：安哥拉和毛里求斯，以比较岛上种群的瓶颈效应。通过血液蛋白变异的电泳法检测的遗传变异度并不是简单的低，少数基因座具有高度多态。猴子种群被认为正在经历瓶颈的初始阶段，虽然平均杂合性水平逐渐下降，但稀有变异迅速丧失。对于可能广泛迁徙并形成孤立种群的动物，遗传变异性水平将受到与创始事件有关的世代时间和种群增长率的很大影响。较少

Studies on brown rats : Using protein variations encoded by nuclear genes and mitochondrial DNA(mtDNA)variations as genetic markers, genetic structure of wild populations of brown riots was investigated. Diachronic changes in frequencies of nuclear and mitochondrial genes in a rat population at pigsty in Toyoake suggested stability of genic constitution of the population. Linkage disequilibrium between genes at Es-2 and Es-4 loci was maintained in the population through the study period, suggesting population flush initiated from a small number of founders. Geographic distribution of genetic variants was investigated to do characterization of genetic differentiation between local populations. Genetic variability within populations was typically low for nuclear genes, but mtDNA showed a different tendency. The populations in port were polymorphic in mtDNA but monomorphic generally under other environmental condition such as pigsty, stations, private house. There was no significant corre … More lation between mtDNA diversity and geographic distance and this may result from migration not only by rat themselves but also by humans. However, this was not the case for the protein markers encoded by nuclear genes. Monitoring an environmental condition from genetic assessment of pest animals may require multiple and suitable genetic markers to elucidate changes in the populations in relation to human activities.Studies on crab-eating -macaques : Two cases of introduced monkey populations Angaur and Mauritius, were studied to compare bottleneck effect operated in the island populations. Genetic varibility measured by electrophoretic examination of blood protein variations was not simply low and small number of loci were highly polymorphic. The monkey populations were considered to be passing through an initial phase of bottleneck where rare variants had lost quickly though average heterozytosily level had decreased gradually. In the case of animals which are likely to migrate broadly and to make isolated populations, the level of genetic variability is to be much influenced by generation time and rate of population growth relating to the founding events. Less