Population Genetic Study on Breeding Structure and Local Differentiation of Japanese Macaques

线粒体DNA（mtDNA）的分子变异和染色体的结构变化进行了检查，以测试人口结构模型和评价的地方分化的日本猕猴。用31种内切酶对35个地区的109份样品进行了mtDNA单倍型分型，得到15种单倍型。从单倍型的地理分布来看，（1）东北部群体的单倍型高度同质，（2）五交山群体在东北部群体中表现出独特的单倍型，（3）地方群体的mtDNA变异相对较小，当存在多态性时，成年男性也参与其中。这些结果不仅与社会生态学或人口学特征有关，如群体结构、母系群体分裂、女性崇拜等，而且与过去的群体分裂历史，特别是东日本冰后期的扩张有关。本研究结果表明，日本猕猴群体结构模型中所假设的群体内基因频率分布和遗传变异的平衡性，至少在某些可能发生随机遗传漂变的地方群体中，并不成立。对20个居群的75个样品进行了带型分析，发现除9号染色体臂间区的数量变异外，还发现了新的染色体变异。它们是：9号染色体核仁组织区的串联重复和染色体上姐妹染色单体的横向不对称C带。这些新的染色体变异是在志贺高原人群中发现的。它们适用于今后的日本猕猴种群研究。

Molecular variations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and structural changes in chromosomes were examined for testing the model of population structure and for evaluation of local differentiation of Japanese macaques. A total of 109 samples from 35 localities were types into 15 mtDNA haplotypes by 31 endonucleases. Those haplotypes could be grouped into two clusters, then, in geographic distribution of the haplotypes, (1) populations in northeastern part were highly homogeneous, (2) Goyosan population showed unique haplotypes among the northeastern populations, (3) local populations are generally less variable with respect to mtDNA variations, then, when polymorphism existed, adult males were involved. Those results may result not only from socioecological or demographic features, such as group structure, matrilineal group fission, female philopatry, but also from history of group division in the past, especially postglacial expansion in east Japan. The present results suggest that the equilibrium of gene frequency distribution and genetic variability within populations assumed in previous modeling of population structure of Japanese macaques could not be supported at least for some local populations where random genetic drift might take place in recent.Cytogenetical study of C-banding patterns for 75 samples from 20 populations revealed new chromosomal variations apart from a quantitative variation at pericentric region of chromosome 9 known previously. They are ; tandem duplication of nucleolar organizer region in chromosome 9 and lateral asymmetric C-band of sister chromatids in a chromosome. These new chromosomal variants were found in Shiga-Highland population. They are applicable in future for the population study of Japanese macaques.