A Study on the Bureaucrats of Hshin-fa Party in Sung Dynasty

1.我开始这项研究，是为了弄清新发党官僚的真实情况，但目前我还没有达到这个目的。首先，在新发党诸侯之前，我致力于阐明代表北宋政治本质的审查员和辩护者：我认为北宋前半期的政治有一定的因素，这是新发党必须克服的，这一因素的阐明使新发党改革的意义不言而喻。笔者试图从这一角度考察北宋前半期的审查者和示威者的制度，阐明他们的真实状态。我论证了以下两点：(1)虽然过去的学者认为1017年的法令确立了审查和规劝制度的大纲，但通过对这一法令的重新审视，发现这项法令并不一定是文言文执行的，但实际上审查和规劝的人将其视为他们批评国家政策的权威的依据，而且这一法令设立的劝诫审查员只是审查人员中的一小部分。(2)许多情况下，审查员和告诫人员还担任财政职务，如国家财政委员会助理专员，而不是批评国家政策的职位，尤其是在北宋初期。我注意到了北宋代表人物欧阳修的两本传记，并进行了比较研究。一是他的生平被朝发党收录在《实录》中，另一本是由新发党收录。通过考虑两党对他的两种评价的不同，我可以认识到审查和规劝政治的局限性和新发党政治的必要性。

1. I started this study in order to elucidate the real state of bureaucrats of Hsin-fa party, but at present I have not yet accomplished this purpose. For first of all I devoted myself to the elucidation of censors and remonstrators that stand for the political essence of northern sung dynasty before beaurocrats of Hsin-fa party : I thought that the politics in the first half of northern Sung dynasty era had certain factor which had to be overcome by Hsin-fa party and the elucidation of this factor made the significance of the reformation by Hsin-fa party understandable.2. From this standpoint I tried to investigate the institution of censors and demonstrators and elucidate their real states in the first half of northern Sung dynasty era. And I demonstrated the following two points.(1) Though scholdrs in the past thought that the edict in 1017 established the outline of the institution of censors and remonstrators, through a reexamination of this edict it was ascertained that this edict was not necessarily carried out litteraly but as matter of fact censors and remonstrators regarded it as a ground for their authorities of criticizing state policies, and that remonstrating censors established by this edict were a extremely small part of censors.(2) There wave many cases that censors and remonstrators also holded rather the financial posts e. g. assistant commissioner of State Finance Commission than the posts of criticizing state policies especially in the earliest days of northern Sung dynasty era.3. I took notice of two biographies of Ou-yang Hsiu, representative remonstrator in northern Sung dynasty, and examined them comparatively. One is his biography included in the True Records by Chiu-fa party and the other is that by Hsin-fa party. By means of consideration to the difference between two evaluations about him by both parties I could recognize the limit of politics led by censors and remonstrators and necessity of polities by Hsin-fa party.