Speciation and chemical variations in the genus Ramalina

本文研究了主要分布于日本（30个分类群）和南美洲（182个分类群）的拉玛林纳属植物的化学变异及其在形态和地理上的关系。在Ramalina中发现的诊断性髓质物质是orcinol depsidones， β -orcinol depsidones和脂肪酸。目前的研究表明，瘘管亚属的物种在每个物种中表现出1到2种化学变异，而骨髓亚属的物种通常有3到5种化学变异。变异落在1)附加型，2)替代型和/或化学综合征型。相比之下，Ramalina usnea显示出11种化学变异的化学综合征类型。在本种中，脂肪酸（布尔西亚酸）种与其分布有很强的相关性。骨髓科共有53个化学缺陷小种，而瘘管科没有化学缺陷小种。药瓶和菌体的解剖特征是非常有用的分类学特征。Ramalina有两种类型的软骨组织；光滑、无裂纹的软骨组织和有裂纹的软骨组织。瘘管亚属的所有种都有无裂纹的软骨组织，骨髓亚属的种有两种软骨组织中的一种。每个物种的类型总是不变的。本属植物的解剖特征，如适当的腋窝和腋下支撑组织的特征，也被认为是本属植物的有用特征。

Species of the genus Ramalina collected mainly in Japan (30 taxa) and South America (182 taxa) are investigated for their chemical variations and their relationships with respect to morphology and phytogeography. The diagnostic medullary substances found in species of Ramalina are orcinol depsides, beta-orcinol depsidones and fatty acids. Present study revealed that species in the sugenus Fistularia show 1 to 2 chemical variations in each species, whereas species of the subgenus Myelopoea usually have 3 to 5 chemical races. The variation fall in 1) additional, 2) replace and/or chemosyndrome types. Ramalina usnea, in contrast, shows 11 chemical variations of the chemosyndrome-type. In this species, fatty asid (bourgeanic acid) race shows strong correlationship with its distribution. Total 53 taxa of the section Myelopoea chemical deficient races, whereas section Fistularia has no chemical deficient ones.Anatomical characters of apothecia and thalli can be considered very useful taxonomic characters. Two types of chondroid tissues are recognized in Ramalina; smooth, non-cracked chondroid tissue and cracked chondroid tissue. All species of the subgenus Fistularia have non-cracked chondroid tissue and species of the subgenus Myelopoea has one of the two types of chondroid tissue. The type is always constant in each species. Anatomical characters of apothecia such as characters of proper exciple and supportive tissue below hypotheicum are also considered as useful characters in the present genus.