权益分类	功能权益	普通用户	{{item.name}}会员
{{category.name}}	{{benefitItem.name}}

Evolution of test formation in the Diaspididae

双翅目昆虫测试结构的演变

基本信息

批准号：
02660039
负责人：
TAKAGI Sadao
金额：
$ 1.54万
依托单位：
Hokkaido University
依托单位国家：
日本
项目类别：
Grant-in-Aid for General Scientific Research (C)
财政年份：
1990
资助国家：
日本
起止时间：
1990 至 1992
项目状态：
已结题

项目摘要

Evolution of test formation in the Diaspididae was studied by the use of a scanning electron microscope. The ultrastructure of spiracular and perivulvar disc pores was observed in 19 species in order to find support for a classificatory scheme based on pygidial appendages. Four conchaspidid species and 1 lerp-forming psyllid (Celtiaspis usubai) were also studied for making a comparison with diaspidid tests. Conchaspidid tests are composed of crushed wax filaments, which are mingled with a substance excreted from the anus just like pieces of aggregate mixed with cement to make concrete. The completed lerp of C. usubai shows a similar interior structure, but it has a peculiar type of secretory organ, which produces wax filaments in a pentagonal tube. In this respect, diaspidid tests are unique by the use of long wax filaments, which are agglutinated together by a substance from the anus. This manner, when combined with the insect's movement, may produce a wide variety of tests. In an odd diaspidid (Ulucoccus), however, the test is simply a fluffy mass of wax filaments, which are cylindrical and secreted from the ducts of the geminate-pore type. In primitive forms of the Diaspididae the test is formed by flattened wax filaments, but no movement of the insect body takes place at the formation of test. Advanced forms make a movement when forming the test, and there is a graded series of movement from a slight oscillation to a complete rotation. This trend of evolution must have occurred in more than one lineage, suggesting its deep adaptive significance. In disagreement with this trend, the isolated genus Sclopetaspis produces wax tubes and, being immobile, forms an irregularly shaped mass of them. It may represent a side branch off the main stocks of the family, and may be an escape out of many experiments attempted in the course of test evolution.

用扫描电子显微镜研究了斑腿蜂科的测试队形的演化。对19个物种的气孔和外阴周围盘孔的超微结构进行了观察，以期为以侏儒附属物为基础的分类提供依据。此外，还研究了4种松材线虫和1种木虱(Celtiaspis Usubai)，并与驱虫试验进行了比较。综合测试由粉碎的蜡丝组成，它与从肛门排出的物质混合，就像碎石与水泥混合制成混凝土。乌苏拜的完整LERP显示出类似的内部结构，但它有一种特殊的分泌器官，在一个五角形的管子里产生蜡丝。在这方面，发散试验是独一无二的，通过使用长蜡丝，这些蜡丝被来自肛门的一种物质粘合在一起。这种方式与昆虫的运动相结合，可能会产生各种各样的测试。然而，在一种奇怪的绿宝石(ULucoccus)中，测试只是一团蓬松的蜡丝，这些蜡丝是圆柱形的，从双孔型的导管中分泌。在石龙科的原始形态中，测试是由扁平的蜡丝形成的，但在测试形成时，昆虫的身体不会发生运动。高级形体在形成测试时做出动作，并有从轻微振荡到完整旋转的分级系列动作。这种进化趋势肯定发生在不止一个谱系中，这表明它具有深刻的适应意义。与这一趋势不同的是，孤立的Sclopetaspis属产生蜡管，由于不能移动，形成了形状不规则的蜡管团块。它可能代表了家族主要种群的一个侧面分支，也可能是在测试进化过程中试图进行的许多实验的一种逃避。