Evolution of test formation in the Diaspididae

进化测试形成Diaspididae研究了扫描电子显微镜的使用。本文对19种昆虫的螺旋孔和外阴盘孔的超微结构进行了观察，以支持以柱头附属物为基础的分类方案。还研究了4种硬壳木虱和1种成壳木虱（Celtiaspis usubai），并与硬壳木虱试验进行了比较。Conchaspidid测试由粉碎的蜡丝组成，这些蜡丝与肛门排出的物质混合在一起，就像骨料与水泥混合成混凝土一样。完整的猪耳麻黄具有类似的内部结构，但它有一种特殊的分泌器官，在一个五角形的管中产生蜡丝。在这方面，双侧双侧双侧双侧双侧双侧双侧双侧双侧双侧双侧双侧双侧双侧双侧双侧双侧双侧双侧双侧双侧双侧双侧双侧双侧双侧双侧双侧双侧双侧双侧双侧双侧双侧双侧。这种方式，当与昆虫的运动相结合时，可以产生各种各样的测试。然而，在一种奇怪的石蜡中，测试仅仅是一团蓬松的蜡丝，这些蜡丝是圆柱形的，从生孔型的导管中分泌出来。在原始形态中，蛹是由扁平的蜡丝形成的，但在蛹的形成过程中，虫体不发生运动。高级形式在成形测试时进行运动，并且从轻微的振荡到完全的旋转有一个渐变的系列运动。这种进化趋势肯定发生在不止一个谱系中，这表明它具有深刻的适应性意义。与这种趋势不一致的是，孤立的Sclopetaspis属产生蜡管，并且由于不移动，形成了不规则形状的蜡管。它可能代表了这个家族主要血统的一个分支，也可能是在测试进化过程中尝试的许多实验的逃避。

Evolution of test formation in the Diaspididae was studied by the use of a scanning electron microscope. The ultrastructure of spiracular and perivulvar disc pores was observed in 19 species in order to find support for a classificatory scheme based on pygidial appendages. Four conchaspidid species and 1 lerp-forming psyllid (Celtiaspis usubai) were also studied for making a comparison with diaspidid tests. Conchaspidid tests are composed of crushed wax filaments, which are mingled with a substance excreted from the anus just like pieces of aggregate mixed with cement to make concrete. The completed lerp of C. usubai shows a similar interior structure, but it has a peculiar type of secretory organ, which produces wax filaments in a pentagonal tube. In this respect, diaspidid tests are unique by the use of long wax filaments, which are agglutinated together by a substance from the anus. This manner, when combined with the insect's movement, may produce a wide variety of tests. In an odd diaspidid (Ulucoccus), however, the test is simply a fluffy mass of wax filaments, which are cylindrical and secreted from the ducts of the geminate-pore type. In primitive forms of the Diaspididae the test is formed by flattened wax filaments, but no movement of the insect body takes place at the formation of test. Advanced forms make a movement when forming the test, and there is a graded series of movement from a slight oscillation to a complete rotation. This trend of evolution must have occurred in more than one lineage, suggesting its deep adaptive significance. In disagreement with this trend, the isolated genus Sclopetaspis produces wax tubes and, being immobile, forms an irregularly shaped mass of them. It may represent a side branch off the main stocks of the family, and may be an escape out of many experiments attempted in the course of test evolution.