Microstructure and formation of protective coverings in some plant-parasitic microarthropods

1.介壳虫。在扫描电子显微镜下观察了菊科部分种的雄体和雌体，并与相应的分泌器官进行了比较。高度放大的测试主要由蜡丝组成，但在所观察的物种中结构并不均匀。这种测试的进化趋势是从一团蓬松的细丝到薄、紧和宽的覆盖物，并在该家族的不同群体中平行进行。高级类型的测试是通过昆虫的摆动或近乎旋转的运动进行的，但在Diaspidini中，雄性测试没有显示出这种运动的痕迹。在蜘蛛亚科中，这一运动似乎发生在进化过程的早期阶段。形成厚薄测试的另一个因素是从肛门排出的粘性物质。这种物质对某些脂类溶剂有抵抗力。因此，高级杀虫剂的试验无论在结构上还是在物质上都是有效的保护覆盖物。蜘蛛螨类。提出了一种新的叶蝉科扫描电子显微镜标本制备方法。使用这种方法可以制备不收缩的材料。1989年5~6月，在九州和冲绳地区主要采集常绿阔叶乔木和多年生草本植物，发现蜘蛛5属10余种。确定了他们的生活类型。用扫描电子显微镜观察了它们的微观结构。在扫描电子显微镜观察的基础上，对被混淆的两个种进行了新的识别和描述，定名为Schizotetranychus celarius(Banks)。研究还发现，属于“编织巢”生活型的雄性蜘蛛在巢内的行为非常敌对。冷冻系统的扫描电子显微镜观察表明，这是由于它们之间的自相残杀。

1. Scale insects. The male and female tests of some species of the family Diaspididae were observed in a scanning electron microscope, and their microstructures were compared with reference to corresponding secretory organs. Highly magnified tests are mainly composed of wax filaments, but not uniform in structure among the species observed. An evolutionary trend of the test from a fluffy mass of filaments to a thin, tight and broad covering is recognized, and in parallel in different groups of the family. Advanced types of tests are made by oscillatory or nearly rotatory movements of the insects, but in the Diaspidini the male test shows no trace of such movements. It seems that in the Aspidiotinae the movement takes place at an early stage of the evolutionary course. Another factor in forming thin and thick tests is a glutinous substance discharged from the anus. This substance is resistant against some lipid solvents. Thus, the tests of advanced diaspidids are effective protecting coverings both in structure and in substance.2. Spider mites. A new method of preparing specimens of Tetranychidae for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was developed. By the use of this method material can be prepared without shrinking. Material was collected mainly from broad-leaved evergreen trees and perennial grasses during May to June, 1989, in Kyusyu and Okinawa, and many spider mites including more than 10 species of 5 genera were found in the collection. Their life types were determined. They were prepared for SEM and their microstructures were observed. On the basis of SEM observations, two species which have been confused under the name Schizotetranychus celarius (Banks) are newly recognized and described. It has also been found that males of a spider mite species belonging to the "woven nest" life type are very antagonistic in behavior within their nests. Cryo-system SEM observations have demonstrated that this is due to cannibalism among them.