Endogenous Development of Woodland Cultivators in Africa

我们在赞比亚北方林地的本巴村进行了关于传统轮垦（chitemene制度）和新引进的半永久性耕作的农业生态和社会生态研究。同时，我们还推动了赞比亚和坦桑尼亚林地耕作者的比较研究。主要研究结果如下：1、研究区的本巴族村民主要依靠chitemene系统维持生计。但自1986年以来，玉米的半永久性种植开始在那些村庄中推广。在经历了一个快速的过渡期后，该村开始建立一个可持续的系统，其中chitemene种植为生存与半永久性种植经济作物并存。这些过程和机制已经得到了精确的阐明。2、Chitemene系统的特点是将砍伐的林地树木树枝汇编到清理后的土地中心并燃烧它们。chitemene系统实用程序 ...更多信息 通过燃烧有效地分解土壤有机质以及灰烬。在养分贫乏的桑迪林地土壤上，赤眼石与轮作、混作一直是唯一可持续的农业生产方式。这些农业生态条件已经得到澄清。3本巴人爬上发球台，用斧头砍掉所有树枝。他们把那堆枯枝落叶烧掉。这些做法与他们的祖先崇拜和他们关于冷热象征的宇宙观密切相关。这些信念随着世代的更替而变化，这与农业的变化是一致的。通过植被分析和卫星图像分析，对林地的生态状况、采伐对林地的影响以及林地的恢复过程进行了跟踪。通过这些研究，我们掌握了研究区的环境动态和土地利用系统的问题。5，我们调查了生活在林地的各民族群体的社会生态和农业生态条件，如Bangweulu沼泽，Tongwe，Matengo和Nymwezi的居民。这些研究将有助于澄清土著农业系统和农民社会促进本国发展的潜力。少

We have conducted agroecological and socioecological studies in the Bemba villages in the woodland of northern Zambia, on the traditional shifting cultivation (chitemene system) and newly introduced semi-permanent cultivation. Also, we have promoted the comparative studies on the cultivators of the woodland in Zambia and Tanzania. Major findings are as follows.1, The Bemba villagers of the research area have kept a subsistence life with strong reliance on the chitemene system. But since 1986 semi-permanent cultivation of maize has begun to spread among the villages. After experiencing a rapid transition period, the village started to build a atable system where chitemene cultivation for subsistence coexisted with semi-permanent cultivation for cash crop. These process and mechanism have been clarified precisely.2, Chitemene system is characterized by the compilation of chopped branches of the woodland trees into the center of the cleared land and burning them. The chitemene system util … More izes soil organic matter as well as ashes effectively through the burning. Under nutrient-poor sandy soils of the woodland, chitemene with the rotation and mixed cropping had been the only sustainable means of agriculture. These agroecological conditions have been clarified.3, Bemba men climb the tees and lop off all the branches with an ax. And they burn the pile of dead branches and leaves. These practices are deeply related to their ancestral worship and their cosmology concerning hot-cold symbolism. These beliefs are changing through the transition of the generations, which coincide with agricultural change. These data have been collected precisely.4, Ecological conditions, impacts of the cutting trees and recovering process of the woodland have been traced by vegetation analysis and satellite-image analysis. Through these studies we have grasped the environmental dynamics and the problems of land use system in the research area.5, We have investigated socioecological and agroecological conditions of various ethnic-groups living in the woodland such as the dwellers of Bangweulu swamp, the Tongwe, the Matengo and the Nymwezi. These studies will contribute to clarify the potentials of the indigenous agricultural systems and the peasant societies for endogenous development. Less